Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2nd shift lecs > Respi 6131 > Flashcards

Respi 6131 Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory tract is divided into the

A

upper and lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

extra thoracic airway passages above the neck

A

upper respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

airway passages and lung parenchyma below the pharynx

A

lower respiratory tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

reaches from the nostril or
mouth to the pharynx

A

upper

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

passage of URT

A

oronasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

functions of the URT

A

functions to conduct, heat,
humidify, filter, and chemosense incoming air.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Leaving the nasal passage, air is warmed to about ________ and humidified to about ___________%water saturation

A

33°C; 98%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In addition to conducting, conditioning, and filtering air to the lower respiratory tract, a major function of the oronasal passage is __________

A

chemosensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Nasal epithelia can metabolize many foreign compounds by ______________ and other enzymes

A

cytochrome P450

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Chemosensory function of the nasal passages is accomplished by a wide variety of specialized receptors in
major subtypes including:

A
  • olfactory receptors
  • trace amine–associated receptors (TAARs)
  • membrane guanylyl cyclase GC-D receptors
  • vomeronasal receptors
  • formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The olfactory epithelium contains
specialized chemosensory olfactory
neurons located in the ________ portion of the nasal passage.

A

superior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Airflow in this region of the nasal passage
is typically _________, thus sniffing can increase perception.

(olfactory receptors)

A

low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

_______ detect trace amines, with fishy or
putrid odor, that are found in foods and
can also be generated during
fermentation or decay.

A

TAARs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

GC-D receptors are located in the cilia of
olfactory sensory neurons and detect the
natriuretic peptides, _________ (found in urine) and _________

A

uroguanylin and guanylin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In rodents, these receptors detect carbon
dioxide, which is odorless in humans and
other primates

A

membrane guanylyl cyclase GC-D receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

_________ are separate from, but adjacent to, olfactory neurons.

A

vomeronasal receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

They can detect higher molecular weight
stimuli, including nonvolatile chemicals.

A

vomeronasal receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

are also a part of the vomeronasal
system and detect bacterial or
mitochondrial formylated peptides,
which are thought to identify pathogens
or pathogenic states.

A

formyl peptide receptors (FPRs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

In addition to the detection of odor, the detection of irritant chemicals, cold and hot temperatures, or mechanical stress
can be a protective mechanism that may limit exposure. Two protein families, the ____________ and the ____________, perform these functions in the upper respiratory tract

A

transient receptor potential (TRP)
channels and the taste (TAS) receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

are ion channels that are permeable
to cations, including calcium, magnesium, and sodium. These receptors are sensitive to a variety of natural ingredients, pain stimuli, and heat.

A

TRP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Taste buds, which contain_______, determine salt, sour, sweet, umami (glutamate and nucleotides), and bitter.

A

TAS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

LRT Airways

A

Conducting airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

At the beginning of the lower respiratory tract is the __________, which is responsible for speech (phonation).

A

larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The conducting airways of the lower respiratory tract can be
divided into:

A

proximal (trachea and bronchi) and distal
regions (bronchioles)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Conducting airways have a bifurcating structure, with successive airway generations containing about twice the
number of bronchi progressively ___________ in internal diameter.

A

decreasing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Eventually a ___________ zone is reached where cartilaginous bronchi give way to noncartilaginous bronchioles, which in turn give way to gas exchange regions, respiratory bronchioles, and alveoli.

(CONDUCTING AIRWAYS)

A

transition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In the bronchiolar epithelium, mucus-producing cells and glands give way to ___________

(CONDUCTING AIRWAYS)

A

bronchiolar secretoglobin cells (BSCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

One way in which airflow is altered is by smooth muscle that surrounds the airways and is under autonomic innervation via the __________

(CONDUCTING AIRWAYS)

A

vagus nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Main function of conducting airways

A

mucociliary clearance and antimicrobial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

In humans, the proximal airway and a portion of the nasal passage are covered by a ____________ that contains a number of specialized cells including ciliated, mucous, and basal cells.

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

pseudostratified respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

__________and_________ are needed to move fluid into the airway lumen and ______________ are needed to move water out of the lumen.

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

Chloride ion channels and the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator;

sodium channels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Ciliated cells have microtubule-based protrusions, cilia, of which there are two types:

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

motile and primary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

exert mechanical force through
continuous motion to propel harmful inhaled material out of the nose and lung. ___________ also exhibit mechanosensory and chemosensory
functions and can respond to mechanical stress, heat, acidic pH, and endogenous and synthetic agonists.

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

Motile cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

often serve as sensory organelles.

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

Primary cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Serous cells contain and secrete a less viscous fluid, and are also enriched in antimicrobial proteins including lysozyme and lactotransferin. These cells also contain the antimicrobial protein, ___________

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

BPIF2 (aka SPLUNC2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

__________ is a serine proteinase inhibitor that is produced locally in the lung by cells of the submucosal bronchial glands and by nonciliated epithelial cells. The main function of ________ is the inhibition of neutrophil elastase and other proteinases, and may also have
antimicrobial functions.

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

Secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Another airway secretory cell is the ____________ previously called the Clara cell

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

bronchiolar secretoglobin cell (BSC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q
  • they are known to inhibit
    phospholipase A2 and limit inflammation
  • are found mainly in the distal
    airways and can act as tissue stem cells

(Mucociliary Clearance and Antimicrobial Functions)

A

bronchiolar secretoglobin cell (BSC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

The gas exchange region consists of

A
  • terminal bronchioles,
  • respiratory bronchioles,
  • alveolar ducts,
  • alveoli,
  • blood vessels,
  • lung interstitium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Gas exchange occurs in the ________, which comprise ∼________% of the total parenchymal lung volume.

A

alveoli; 85%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The alveolar epithelium consists of two cells:

A

the alveolar type I and type II cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

cover ∼95% of the alveolar surface and therefore are susceptible to damage by noxious agents that penetrate to the alveolus

(Gas exchange)

A

Type I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

attenuated cytoplasm to enhance gas exchange

(Gas exchange)

A

Type I cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q
  • produce and secrete surfactant, a mixture of lipids, and four surfactant
    associated proteins
  • can undergo mitotic division and replace damaged type I cells

(Gas exchange)

A

Type II cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

surfactant associated proteins

(Gas exchange)

A
  • A1
  • A2
  • B
  • C
  • D
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

are amphipathic and aid in spreading secreted lipids which form a monolayer that reduces surface tension

(Gas exchange)

A

B and C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

are members of the subfamily of C-type lectins called collectins, which defend
against pathogens.

(Gas exchange)

A

A1, A2, and D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

do not alter lipid structure but do bind lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and various microbial pathogens, enhancing their clearance from the lung

(Gas exchange)

A

A1 and A2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

is also necessary in the suppression of
pulmonary inflammation and in host defense against viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens.

(Gas exchange)

A

D

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Principal functions of the lungs is gas exchange which consists of:

A
  • diffusion
  • ventilation
  • perfusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Lung function changes with age and disease and can be measured with a _________

A

spirometer

52
Q

Test in which an individual inhales maximally and then as rapidly as possible

A

Spirometry

53
Q

The total lung capacity (TLC) is the total volume of air in an inflated human lung,__________(women) and _________(men)

A
  • 4 to 5 L W
  • 6 to 7 L M
54
Q

After a maximum expiration, the lung retains ______ (women) and
______ (men), which is the residual volume (RV).

A

-1.1 L W

-1.2 L M

55
Q

The vital capacity is the air volume moved into and out of the lung during maximal inspiratory and expiratory movement and
typical is __________ (women) and ________ (men)

A
  • 3.1 L W
  • 4.8 L M
56
Q

In resting humans, the TV (tidal volume) measures ________L with each breath.

A

∼0.5 L

57
Q

The respiratory frequency is _________ (thus the resting ventilation is about 6–8 L/min).

A

12 to 20 breaths per minute

58
Q

Total lung cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity is roughly one-tenth to one-third of that in the liver (t or f)

(BIOTRANSFORMATION IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT)

A

T

59
Q

The CYP monooxygenase system is concentrated into a few lung cells:

(BIOTRANSFORMATION IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT)

A
  • BSCs
  • alveolar Type II cells
  • macrophages
  • endothelial cells
60
Q

has the most CYP followed by the type II cells

(BIOTRANSFORMATION IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT)

A

BSCs

61
Q

Phase II enzyme inlcude

(BIOTRANSFORMATION IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT)

A
  • glutathione S-transferases (GSTs)
    (alpha, mu,and pi),
  • glucuronosyl transferases, and
  • sulfotransferases (SULTs)
62
Q

play a major role in the modulation of both acute and chronic chemical toxicity in the lung

(BIOTRANSFORMATION IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT)

A

glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and glutathione

63
Q

In inhalation toxicology, exposure is measured as a concentration (compound mass per unit of air). (t or f)

A

T

64
Q

GENERAL PRINCIPLES IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF LUNG DAMAGE
CAUSED BY CHEMICALS

A
  • Toxic inhalants, gases, and dosimetry
  • regional particle deposition
  • deposition mechanisms
  • particle clearance
65
Q

Typically highly toxic compounds can produce adverse effects in a concentration of:

(TOXIC INHALANTS, GASES, AND DOSIMETRY)

A

mg/m3 or μg/m3 (1m3=1000L)

66
Q

For gases, concentration may also be expressed as volume to volume of air, that is, ___________ or ___________

(TOXIC INHALANTS, GASES, AND DOSIMETRY)

A

parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb)

67
Q

critical factors in determining how deeply a given gas penetrates into the lung

(TOXIC INHALANTS, GASES, AND DOSIMETRY)

A
  • solubility
  • diffusivity
  • metabolism/reactivity
  • breathing rate
68
Q

Highly soluble gases such as ________ or ________ do not penetrate farther than the nose (during nasal breathing) unless doses are very high, and are therefore relatively nontoxic to the lung of rats

(TOXIC INHALANTS, GASES, AND DOSIMETRY)

A

SO2 or formaldehyde

69
Q

Relatively insoluble gases such as ________ and __________ penetrate deeply into the lung and reach the smallest airways and the alveoli (centriacinar region), where they can elicit toxic responses.

(TOXIC INHALANTS, GASES, AND DOSIMETRY)

A

ozone and NO2

70
Q

Very insoluble gases such as _______ and ________ efficiently pass through the respiratory tract and are taken up by the pulmonary blood supply to be distributed
throughout the bod

(TOXIC INHALANTS, GASES, AND DOSIMETRY)

A

CO and H2S

71
Q

is a critical factor in determining the region of the respiratory tract in which a particle will be deposited

A

particle size

72
Q

In respiratory toxicology, aerosols include (solid or liquid particles dispersed into air)

A

dusts, fumes, smoke, mists, fog, or
smog

(ranging from ≥ 1.0 μm for dusts to ≥ 0.01–50 μm for smog)

73
Q

The upper respiratory tract is very efficient in removing particles that are very large (> 10 μm) or very small (< 0.01 μm) (t or f)

A

T

74
Q

During nasal breathing, _____ to _____ μm particles are usually deposited in the upper nasopharyngeal region or the first five generations of large conducting airways.

A

1 to 10 μm

75
Q

Smaller particles (______to _____μm) can also be deposited in the tracheobronchial region

A

0.001–0.1 μm

76
Q

Particles ranging from _____to______ μm can be transported to the smaller airways and deposited in the alveolar region

A

0.003 to 5 μm

77
Q

Materials that are hygroscopic (i.e., those that readily absorb moisture), such as _____,__________, and_________, take on water and grow in size in the warm, saturated atmosphere of the upper and lower respiratory tract

A

sodium chloride, sulfuric acid, and glycerol

78
Q

Deposition mechanisms

A
  • impaction
  • interception
  • sedimentation
  • diffusion
  • electrostatic deposition (for positively charged particles only)
79
Q

occurs in the upper respiratory tract and large proximal airways where the airflow is faster than in the small distal airways because the cumulative diameter is smaller than in the proximal airways.

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

impaction

80
Q

In humans, most > 10 μm particles are deposited in the _________ or ________ and cannot penetrate tissues distal to the larynx.

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

nose or oral pharynx

81
Q

For _______ to _________ μm particles, impaction continues to be the mechanism of deposition in the first generations of the tracheobronchial region

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

2.5 to 10 μm

82
Q

occurs when the trajectory of a particle brings it near enough to a surface so that an edge of the particle contacts the airway surface.

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

interception

83
Q

Although fiber diameter determines the probability of deposition by impaction and sedimentation, interception is dependent on _________

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

fiber length

84
Q

a fiber with a diameter of 1 μm and
a length of 200 μm will be deposited in
the bronchial tree primarily by
________ rather than impaction.

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

interception

85
Q

controls deposition in the smaller bronchi, the bronchioles, and the alveolar spaces, where the airways are
small and the velocity of airflow is low

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

sedimentation

86
Q

Sedimentation is not a significant route of particle deposition when the aerodynamic diameter is ≤ ______ μm

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

≤ 0.5 μm

87
Q

Sedimentation is dependent on the ________ a particle is in a compartment (i.e., an alveolus) and can be increased by breath holding

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

time

88
Q

________ of a particle within the air is an important factor in the deposition of submicrometer particles

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

diffusion

89
Q

Diffusion is an important deposition mechanism in the nose, airways, and alveoli for particles ≤ ____ μm

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

≤ 0.5 μm

90
Q

__________ (0.1 μm and smaller) are also
trapped relatively efficiently in the upper airways by diffusion.

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

Nanometer particles

91
Q

is a minor deposition mechanism for
positively charged particles

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

Electrostatic deposition

92
Q

The ________ of the airways is negatively charged and attracts positively charged particles.

(DEPOSITION MECHANISM)

A

surface

93
Q

Lung defense is dependent on ___________, wherein rapid removal lessens the time available to cause damage to
the pulmonary tissues or permit local absorption

A

particle clearance

94
Q

particle clearance is equivalent to clearance from the body. (t or f)

A

F; Not equivalent

95
Q

Types of particle clearance

A
  • nasal clearance
  • tracheobronchial clearance
  • alveolar clearance
96
Q
  • Particles deposited in the anterior portion of the nose are removed by extrinsic actions such as wiping and blowing.
  • Particles deposited in the posterior portion of the nose are removed by mucociliary clearance that propels mucus toward the glottis, after which the particles are swallowed.
  • Soluble particles may dissolve and enter the epithelium and/or blood before they can be mechanically removed.
A

Nasal clearance

97
Q
  • Particles deposited in the tracheobronchial tree are also
    removed by mucociliary clearance.
  • In addition to deposited particles, particle-laden macrophages are also moved upward to the oropharynx,
    where they are swallowed.
A

Tracheobronchial clearance

98
Q
  • Particles deposited in the alveolar region are removed by specialized cells, the alveolar macrophage.
  • Lung defense involve both the innate and adaptive and immune systems.
  • Macrophages are the primary effector of innate lung immunity and their ability to accomplish phagocytosis depends on the recognition of foreign or damage cells by a variety of macrophage surface macromolecules and receptors.

-Phagocytosis requires
> particle binding
> receptor activation
> actin polymerization
> vesicular membrane closure

A

Alveolar clearance

99
Q

ACUTE RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY

A
  • Trigeminally mediated airway reflexes
  • Bronchoconstriction airways hyperreactivity, and neurogenic inflammation
  • acute lung injury (pulmonary edema)
100
Q

Certain gases and vapors stimulate nerve endings in the nose, particularly those of the _________

A

Trigeminal nerve

101
Q

___________ may be activated by many irritants causing tickling, itching, and
painful nasal sensations

A

Transient receptor potential channel receptors

102
Q

Subfamily A receptors are activated by several irritants including:

A
  • acrolein,
  • allyl isothiocyanate
    (wabasi),
  • allicin (garlic),
  • cinamaldehyde,
  • chlorine,
  • ozone,
  • hydrogen peroxide
103
Q

_______ causes a decrease in airway diameter and a corresponding increase in resistance to airflow

A

bronchoconstriction

104
Q

Bronchoconstriction can be provoked by:

A
  • acrolein
  • cigarette smoke,
  • air pollutants,
  • cholinomimetic drugs (acetylcholine),
  • histamine,
  • various prostaglandins
  • leukotrienes,
  • substance P
  • nitric oxide
105
Q

Characteristic symptoms of bronchoconstriction

A
  • wheezing
  • coughing
  • sensation of chest tightness
  • dyspnea
106
Q

___________ (adult or infant respiratory distress syndrome) is marked by alveolar epithelial and endothelial cell perturbation and inflammatory cell influx that leads to surfactant disruption, pulmonary edema, and atelectasis.

A

acute lung injury

107
Q

may compromise alveolar barrier function several hours after exposure to low concentrations, and immediate alveolar damage and death with high concentrations

A

Acrolein, HCl, NO2, NH3

108
Q

____________ represents an acute, exudative phase of lung injury that alters ventilation–perfusion relationships
and limits diffusive transfer of O2 and CO2 even in otherwise structurally normal alveoli.

A

toxic pulmonary edema

109
Q

CHRONIC RESPONSES OF THE LUNG TO INJURY

A
  • COPD
  • Lung cancer
  • Asthma
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
110
Q
  • Very common
  • Characterized by a progressive airflow obstruction, involves airway (bronchitis)
    and alveolar pathology
A

COPD

111
Q

is defined by the presence of sputum
production and cough for at least three months.

A

chronic bronchitis

112
Q

destruction of the gas-exchanging surface
area results in a distended, hyperinflated lung that no longer effectively exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide as a result of
both loss of tissue and air trapping

A

emphysema

113
Q

The major cause of human emphysema is, by far, _________, although other toxicants also can elicit this response.

A

cigarette smoke inhalation

114
Q

The pathogenesis of emphysema involves a _____________________ that leads to the remodeling of the supportive connective tissue in the parenchyma and separate
lesions that coalesce to destroy lung tissue.

A

proteinase–antiprotease imbalance

115
Q

is one of the body’s main defenses against uncontrolled proteolytic
digestion by this class of elastolytic enzymes, which includes elastase.

A

Alpha1-antiprotease (also called alpha1-antitrypsin)

116
Q

is now the leading cause of death from cancer among men and women.

A

lung cancer

117
Q

Two major forms of lung cancer

A
  • non-small lung cancer 85%
    >carcinoma,
    >adenocarcinoma,
    >large-cell lung cancer
  • small lung cancer 15%
118
Q

The potential mechanisms of lung carcinogenesis center on:

A

damage to DNA and/or active oxygen species

119
Q

characterized clinically by attacks of shortness of breath, which is caused by narrowing of the large conducting
airways (bronchi).

A

asthma

120
Q

The clinical hallmark of ________ is increased airway reactivity of the bronchial smooth muscle in response to
exposure to irritants

A

asthma

121
Q

Fibrotic lungs from humans with acute or chronic pulmonary fibrosis contain increased amounts of __________

(PULMONARY FIBROSIS)

A

collagen

122
Q

In lungs damaged by toxicants, the response resembles adult
or infant ______________

A

respiratory distress syndrome

123
Q

Excess lung collagen is usually observed not only in the alveolar interstitium, but also throughout the __________
and _________________

A

alveolar ducts; respiratory bronchioles

124
Q

Type ___ and ___ collagen are major interstitial components and
are found in an approximate ratio of 2:1

A

I and III

125
Q

patients with idiopathic
pulmonary fibrosis and patients dying of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

A

increase in Type I collagen relative to Type III

126
Q

Commonly used tests in human studies include:

A

measurement of FEV1, FVC, and
airway resistance

127
Q
A

2nd shift lecs (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions