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Biochemistry > Endo: Clinical Correlation > Flashcards

Endo: Clinical Correlation Flashcards

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0
Q

Enzyme is lacking in humans that supposedly would metabolize uric acid further

A

Uricase

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1
Q

End product of purine catabolism in humans

A

Uric acid

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2
Q

Gout is generally a metabolic disorder of

A

Purine catabolism

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3
Q

Gout may be due to defects in _______ as: inc affinity for ribose-5-phosphate, defect in feedback inhibition and increased Vmax

A

PRPP synthetase

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4
Q

It is converted to inosine

A

Adenosine

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5
Q

In the pathway, what is the immediate precursor of uric acid

A

Xanthine

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6
Q

What is the underlying problem that brings about the symptom of acute gout

A

Renal mishandling of uric acid

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7
Q

Substance that is deposited in the tissues in acute gout

A

Monosodium urate

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8
Q

Characteristic of acute gouty arthritis

A

Monoarticular

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9
Q

In relation to acute gouty arthritis, serum uric acid levels are

A

May be normal or elevated

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10
Q

How does alcohol intake precipitate acute gouty arthritis

A
  • alcohol produces lactic acid which inhibits uric acid excretion
  • alcohol causes diuresis
  • alcohol may alter pH affecting solubility of uric acid
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11
Q

Dietary component which may contribute to increased production of uric acid

A

Protein

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12
Q

Enzyme that is inhibited by the drug allopurinol

A

Xanthine oxidase

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13
Q

To facilitate excretion of uric acid, ______ drugs may be used.

A

Uricosuric

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14
Q

Mainstay of treatment for an attack of acute gouty arthritis

A

NSAIDS

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15
Q

Increase uric acid levels

A

Hyperuricemia

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16
Q

Crystals that are deposited in the tissues in acute gouty arthritis

A

Monosodium urate

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17
Q

Inflammation of tissue

A

Pain, Edema & Neutrophilic Infiltration “PEN”

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18
Q

More common in males. Middle age(40s). Sudden very painful involvement of single joint. Common history of recent alcohol intake. Serum uric acid may be normal to elevated.

A

Acute gout

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19
Q

Medical term for big toe

A

Podagra

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20
Q

Persistent hyperuricemia. May involve multiple joints/tissues. Chronic deposition of crystals resulting in tophi.

A

Chronic gout

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21
Q

Binds to microtubules; prevents migration of neutrophils.

A

Colchicine

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22
Q

Inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase; prevents formation of uric acid.

A

Allopurinol

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23
Q

To control inflammation

A

Steroids

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24
Removal of tophi thru
Surgery
25
Types of arthritis
Osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gouty arthritis
26
Inflammation of joint
Arthritis
27
Metabolic interrelationships of cells in the body: _____ & _____ must cooperate unselfishly for the common good of the body.
Cells & Organs
28
The physical sensation or the body's way of signaling that is running short of food and needs to eat something is termed
Hunger
29
Region that has the greatest number of hungry people
Asia and the Pacific
30
The number of health risks worldwide include
Hunger & Malnutrition
31
Blood glucose and insulin levels are highest during
Immediately post-prandial
32
Sources of glucose in blood include
Liver glycogen, muscle glycogen & renal gluconeogenesis
33
Second messenger molecule of glucagon
Tyrosine kinase
34
Metabolic effects of glucagon on the liver include
Dec glycolysis & Inc gluconeogenesis
35
Glucogenic compounds that undergo gluconeogenesis include the ______. What product of glucose metabolism feeds this cycle to proceed to gluconeogenesis
Cori cycle. Lactate.
36
Most variable item in the energy budget of the body.
Muscle activity
37
Glycogenolysis in the muscle can
Inc blood glucose level
38
Adipocytes must undergo glycolysis before they can synthesize triglycerides because they need an intermediate of glycolysis known as
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate
39
The brain produces most of its energy by the oxidation of glucose; during long term fasting, however it can cover more than half of its energy needs from
Oxidation of ketone bodies
40
During long term fasting, the liver produces acetyl-CoA by the B-oxidation of fatty acids. What is the major metabolic fate of this acetyl-CoA
Ketogenesis
41
When you wake up in the morning, 12 hours after dinner, what is the main source of blood glucose
Liver glycogen
42
Why does net protein breakdown occur during prolonged fasting
To provide gluconeogenic substrates
43
What is the metabolic sequelae of low insulin levels and high levels of insulin antagonists
Enhanced lipolysis
44
Activates beta oxidation of fatty acids
Glucagon
45
The most aristocratic organ in the body by virtue of its comsumption of approximately 20% of the total energy in the resting body
Brain
46
Ketone bodies that are used to fuel metabolism in starvation
Acetoacetate & b-Hydroxybutyrate
47
A disorder with ff. manifestations: tired, fatigue, constipation, cold intolerance, dry skin, swelling sensation on neck and diminished reflexes.
Hypothyroidism
48
Treatment of choice for hypothyroidism
Levothyroxine
49
Hormone that inc protein synthesis, stimulate oxygen consumption, upregulates Na-K pump and aids in conversion of food into energy or heat
Thyroid hormone
50
Sequence in the synthesis of tyrosine
- Oxidation of I- to 12 - Organification of I2 into MIT & DIT - Coupling reaction of MIT and DIT into T3 and T4 - Hydrolysis of T3 & T4 - Deiodination of residual MIT & DIT and recycling of I- and tyrosinase
51
Block the action of thyroid hormones, so the dose of thyroid hormone must be increased
Estrogen
52
Stimulatory factors for thyroid hormone secretion
TSH, Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins & pregnancy
53
Leading cause of hypothyroidism in DEVELOPED countries
Autoimmune thyroiditis
54
TSH levels are elevated and directly stimulate growth of the thyroid gland to a very large size
Individuals with iodide deficiency
55
True in patient with chronic autoimmune destruction of the thyroid gland
Inc TSH, Low BMR & Low T3 resin uptake
56
Thyroid hormone receptors exert their effect by binding to ___ and regulate transcription of ____ from target genes.
DNA. mRNA.
57
Causes the regulatory subunits of the protein kinase to dissociate from the catalytic subunits
G protein
58
The phosphatidylinositol cycle begins with activation of _________; this initiates a sequence of events.
Phospholipase C
59
Elevated TSH, Low thyroxine
Hypothyroidism
60
Sheehan sydrome/ anterior pituitary hemorrhagic necrosis after postpartum hemorrhage. She feels light headed, dizzy and weak. What hormone is responsible
ACTH
61
Thyroglobulin is derived from what AA
Tyrosine
62
A functional bowel disorder. Symptoms are abdominal pain, or discomfort and altered bowel habits in absence of detectable structural abnormalities.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
63
Rome II Criteria: recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort of atleast _____ per month in the last ______ associated with __ or more of the ff: improvement w/ defecation, onset associated with a change in frequency or in appearance of stool
3 rays. 3 months. 2.
64
Extrinsic innervation of Digestive system
Para and sympathetic
65
Intrinsic innervation of Digestive system
Meissner's plexus & Auerbach's plexus
66
Contraction and relaxation of the walls and sphincters of the GIT. Grinds, mixes and fragments ingested food and propel it slong digestive tract.
Motility
67
Grinds and mixes food
Segmentation
68
Propels food
Peristalsis
69
Periodic contractions followed by relaxation. For mixing and propulsion. Threshold depolarization.
Phasic contraction
70
Maintained level of contraction or tone without regular periods of relaxation. Subthreshold depolarization.
Tonic contraction
71
Are not action potential but rather oscillating depolarization and repolarization of the membrane potential of the smooth muscle cells
Slow waves
72
Origin of slow waves. Pacemaker. Found in myenteric plexus.
Interstitial cells of Cajal
73
Frequency of slow waves
3 waves per minute | 12 waves per min in the duodenum
74
Slow waves depolarizing phase
Opening of Ca channels
75
Slow waves repolarizing phase
Opening of K channels
76
As the rectum fills with feces, the smooth muscle wall of the rectum contracts and the internal anal sphincter relaxes in the
Rectosphincteric reflex
77
The chemical breakdown of ingested foods into absorbable molecules
Digestion
78
Movement of nutrients, water and electrolytes from the GIT to the blood
Absorption
79
Carbohydrate absorption: product and site
Monosaccharides. Small intestine.
80
Products of protein digestion
AA, dipeptides, tripeptides
81
Site of absorption of protein
Small intestine
82
Products of lipid digestion
FA, monoglycerol & cholesterol
83
Site of absorption of lipids
Small intestine
84
In lipid digestion, Bile salts form ______ in the small intestine. ________ in the cell to triglycerides and phospholipids.
Micelles. Reesterification.
85
In lipid digestion, ________ form in the cell (requiring ______) and are transferred to lymph.
Chylomicrons. Apoproteins.

Biochemistry (20 decks)

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