RNA: Cancer

Question 0

A mass of tissue. The growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change.

Answer 0

Cancer

Question 1

Study of cancer

Answer 1

Oncology

Question 2

Proposed with remarkable foresight that cancer cells developed from normal cells during division and then spread by the blood or lymph to other sites in the body.

Answer 2

Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer-Hartz

Question 3

Is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and increasingly so in developing countries. At least one person in three developed countries will develop this.

Answer 3

Cancer

Question 4

The incidence of cancer increases with ____, particularly about _____.

Answer 4

Age. 45 years.m

Question 5

Is a disease characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of cells that produces a tumour, from which the cells can invade local tissues and then spread to give rise to metastases.

Answer 5

Cancer

Question 6

The most common cancer classification. Arise is epithelial cells.

Answer 6

Carcinomas

Question 7

Cancer that are from connective tissue (bone & cartilage)

Answer 7

Sarcomas

Question 8

Cancers that are from white blood cells

Answer 8

Leukemias & Lymphomas

Question 9

Cancer Classification

Answer 9

Carcinoma, Sarcoma & Leukemia

Question 10

Cancer according to Age: Embryonic tumors

Answer 10

Neuroblastoma & Wilm’s tumor

Question 11

Cancer according to Age: tumors found mainly in the young

Answer 11

Bone, Testis & Leukemias “BTL”

Question 12

Cancer according to Age: Tumors that appear frequently in middle and old age

Answer 12

Bladder, Breast, Colon, Skin & Prostate

Question 13

Both benign and malignant tumors develop from uncontrolled

Answer 13

Proliferation

Question 14

Tumor remains confined to the site of origin

Answer 14

Benign tumor

Question 15

Cell invades and destroys adjacent tissues and then escapes into the circulatory system, within which it travels to distant tissues where it produces secondary tumors (metastases)

Answer 15

Malignant tumor

Question 16

Benign tumors can be removed by _______ or destroyed by _______ but this is not the case for malignant tumors. Uncontrolled growth therefore is not necessarily a major problem unless it interferes with the function of the tissue or organ.

Answer 16

Surgery. Radiation.

Question 17

The sequence of events that occurs in the proliferation of individual cells is known as the

Answer 17

Cell cycle

Question 18

Which controls progression through the cycle so that once the cell passes this, it is committed to divide

Answer 18

G1

Question 19

In which DNA is synthesized and the original DNA duplicated

Answer 19

S phase

Question 20

In which the chromosomes separate and move to the two ends of the cell

Answer 20

G2

Question 21

In which the cell divides to produce two daughter cells. When regulation of the cycle fails, a ______ of tissue is produced.

Answer 21

M phase. Mass.

Question 22

Continually renewing

Answer 22

Tissue

Question 23

The tissue contain cells that proliferate continually to replace those that die or lost (skin, intestine and bone marrow). These cells are known as ________.

Answer 23

Continually renewing. Stem cells.

Question 24

The tissue contains cells (stem cells) that can be stimulated to proliferate in response to an appropriate signal (liver after injury & lymphocytes during infection)

Answer 24

Conditionally renewing

Question 25

The cells in the tissue never proliferate (nerve & muscle)

Answer 25

Non-renewing

Question 26

Most primary tumors arise in __________ tissues. Often ________.

Answer 26

Continually renewing. Epithelium.

Question 27

Give Oncogene & Product: binds to receptor to initiate a signal transduction process.

Answer 27

Sis. Growth factor.

Question 28

Give Oncogene & Product: binds with a growth factor to produce an overactive growth factor receptor complex.

Answer 28

Erb-B. Growth factor receptor.

Question 29

Give Oncogene & Product: monomeric G protein with very low GTPase activity, which maintains the protein in the active site.

Answer 29

Ras. Signal transduction factors.

Question 30

Give Oncogene & Product: both associate to produce a complex that acts as transcription factor. The activity of which is greater than each individual factor.

Answer 30

Jan & Fos. Transcription factor.

Question 31

Give Oncogene & Product: A transcription factor that increases concentrations of the enzymes required for S phase of cell cycle, so the DNA synthesis can proceed without any limitation in precursor concentrations.

Answer 31

Myc. Transcription factor.

Question 32

The protein p21 can be induced by _____ independent factors, including drugs known as ________.

Answer 32

P53. Statins.

Question 33

Used to lower blood cholesterol by inhibition of its synthesis via the enzyme ___________.

Answer 33

Statins. HMG-CoA reductase.

Question 34

Damaged DNA activates a __________ which phosphorylates and hence stabilizes _____ which stimulate transcription of the p21 gene which expresses a protein that arrests the cycle. _____.

Answer 34

Protein kinase. P53. CDK (cell cycle division kinase)

Question 35

Binds to the trancription factor, which forms a complex in which the transcription factor for three genes is inactive.

Answer 35

Rb protein

Question 36

__________ of Rb by a cell division cycle kinase results in dissociation of transcription factor from the complex and hence activation.

Answer 36

Phosphorylation

Question 37

Are sequence of six nucleotide repeats found at the ends of the chromosomal DNA strands.

Answer 37

Telomeres

Question 38

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: Many thousands of repeat units (TTAGGG) may be present at the end of the ________ and (AATCCC) at the end of the _______. These are present at the ends of the strands to overcome a problem posed by the semi conservative mechanism of DNA replication, known as the ____________.

Answer 38

3' strand. 5' strand. The end replication problem.

Question 39

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: Replication of the ends of the chromosomes presents particular difficulties, since ___________ can only elongate a pre-existing DNA strand (it cannot initiate DNA synthesis) and can only polymerize DNA in one direction. (5' to 3')

Answer 39

DNA Polymerase

Question 40

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: Since there is no ___________ from which yo synthesize primers at the ends of the DNA molecule, up to 200 base pairs of DNA would be lost at each cell division.

Answer 40

Complementary strand

Question 41

Telomeres & Telomerase in tumor cells: To overcome this problem, a special mechanism exists to prevent chromosomal ________ with each round of DNA replication. The mechanism involves the activity of an enzyme, __________, which adds on repetitive nucleotides to maintain the length of the telomeres on the newly synthesized daughter DNA strands.

Answer 41

Shortening. Telomerase.

Question 42

In a normal cell, telomere length is gradually lost during cell ________ and, when it is completely cost and then coding sequences are lost, the cell dies via ________. This process implicated in aging and normal death of cells with age.

Answer 42

Replication. Apoptosis.

Question 43

Have an enhanced activity of telomerase which maintains the length of the telomeres which contributes to their evasion of normal apoptopic mechanisms.

Answer 43

Tumour cells