endo high yield Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
post pituitary hormones
A
oxytocin
ADH/vasopressin
2
Q
pituitary gland sits inside what and where is it located
A
sella tursica (in center of skull, center of sphenoid bone)
3
Q
adenohypophesis
A
ant pituitary
4
Q
neurohypophesis
A
post pituitary
5
Q
ant pituitary hormones
A
GH TSH ACTH FSH LH PRL
6
Q
hypothalamus hormones
A
GnRH GHRH CRH GHIH/somatostatin Dopamine
7
Q
where does unfiltered arterial blood flow in; why?
A
hypothalamus; no BBB
8
Q
types of hormone kinetic mechanisms
A
steroid/thyroid mechanism
second messenger systems
9
Q
hypopituitarism causes
A
ant pituitary path
lesions in hyopthalamus or adenohypophysis
nonsecretory chromophobe adenomas
sheehan’s syndrome, empty sella syndrome
10
Q
diabetes insipidus etiology/sx
A
no ADH from post pit
cannot concentrate urine
thirst wakes from sleep
11
Q
hyperpituitarism
A
ant pit; adenoma secreting one hormone
prolactinoma somatotroic adenomas (excess GH) corticotroph tumors (ACTH; cushing) gonadotropic adenomas thyrotrophic adenomas
12
Q
thyroid composition
A
tyrosine + iodine
13
Q
what is exported in thyroid hormone synthesis
A
T3
T4
14
Q
what is imported in thyroid hormone synthesis
A
iodine
tyrosine
15
Q
T3 type of receptor
A
cell membrane
nuclear
16
Q
active thyroid hormone
A
T3
17
Q
enzyme that converts T4 > T3
A
5’ deoiodinase
18
Q
hypothyroid/myxedema causes
A
hashimotos
iodine def
19
Q
hashimotos thyroiditis etiology
A
autoimmune
most euthyroid then hypothyroid
transient hyperthyroid possible
20
Q
hyperthyroid/thyrotoxicosis causes
A
graves disease
21
Q
graves disease etiology, sx
A
women > men
exopthalmos
goiter
22
Q
dequervains subacute granulomatous thyroiditis etiology
A
self limited, painful inflammation of thyroid
autoimmune/viral
women>men, 10-40
begins with hyperthyroid, then hypothyroid, then euthyroid
23
Q
reidels thyroiditis
A
rock hard, woody thyroid
mimics carcinoma
older women
fibrotic proliferation, may cause hypothyroidism or dyspnea
24
Q
goiters simple vs multinodular
A
simple: iodine def or too many goitrogens (Ca and luroine in water, brassicae, polluted water)
multinodar: very large, often mistaken for cancer
25
thyroid adenomas
90-99% of nodules are benign adenomas
may cause pressure sx
post menopausal women
26
malignant thyroid tumors
most papillary carcinoma
estrogen receptors, well differentiated
low mortality, solitary noduels more likely to be cancer
men < 40 more likely cancer
27
calcitonin produced where
parafollicular cells of thyroid
28
calcitonin actions
lowers blood Ca, preserves bone Ca
acts on bone
-inhibits resorption by osteoclasts
acts on kidney
(conc in cortex)
inc Ca, Na, K excretion
Dec Mg excretion
29
PTH vs calcitonin actions on Ca, Na, K, Mg in blood, bone, kidney
PTH: ca inc blood, dec bone, dec ca excretion in kidney (via vit D)
Cal: ca dec blood, inc bone, inc excretion of Ca/Na/K and dec exretion of Mg in kidney
30
outer layer adrenal cortex
name, hormones/actions
zona glomerulosa (mineral corticoids; aldosterone)
Na retention, H/K excretion
31
middle layer adrenal cortex
name, hormones/actions
zona fasiculata (glucocorticoids; cortisol)
stress response, glucose inc, immunity
32
layers of adrenal gland
```
inner neurological medulla (SNS; epi/nore)
outer cortex (corticoids)
```
33
inner layer adrenal cortex
name, hormones/actions
zona reticularis (glucocorticoids; sex steroids)
34
primary hyperparathyroidism causes
adenoma of parathyroid
elevated Ca
stones bones moans
35
secondary hyperparathyroidism causes
hyperplasia due to hypocalcemia or hyperphosphatemia, renal failure, vit D def
serum ca low (reactive)
36
hypoparathyroidism
low serum ca
high serum phosphate
chovsteks sign, trousseaus sign
CATS go numb
37
pheochromocytoma
tumor in adrenal medulla
secretes catecholamines
HTN, arrythmias
gyperglycemia, hypermetabolism
38
neuroblastoma
```
childhood tumor of adrenal medulla
most sporadically (some hereditary)
often born w it
large abdominal mass
often affects other neuro tissues
course variable, some fatal
```
39
addisons
hypoadrenalism (ADD some cortisol)
most often autoimmune
sometimes TB or idiopathic atrophy, medulla unaffected
weakness, faitgue, wt loss, diarrhea, vomiting
hyperpigmentation (high ACTH/K, low Na, Cl)
40
cushings
hyperadrenalism (CUSHION of cortisol)
iatrogenic, pituitary adenoma
moon face, buffalo hump, purple straie
41
conn syndrome
solitary aldosterone secreting adenoma in adrenal cortex
causes hyperaldosteronism (low renin and K, high Na and aldosterone)
high blood vol, tachycardia, arrythmia
42
"parent steroid"
pregnenolone
43
where does pregnenolone come from
cholesterol
44
estrogens are reduced from
testosterones and androstenediones
45
aldosterone is stimulated by
ACTH
hyperkalemia
angiontensin 2
46
alpha cells of pancreas secrete
glucagon
47
beta cells of pancreas secrete
insulin
48
delta cells of pancreas secrete
somatostatin
49
what are ducts lined with (tissue/cell type)
cuboidal epithelium
50
ductless glands are called
endocrine glands
51
insulin function
announces sugar t/o body
insulin is always around glucose
triggers biochem pathways that spare fat
52
insulin lack effects on catabolism and anabolism + their major risks
inc catabolism (inc glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis) > DKA
dec anabolism (hyperglycemia) > water + salt depletion
53
diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
life threatening acidosis caused by lack of insulin (usually in type I)
insulin lack > cellular catabolism > inc ketone (3-hydroxybutyrate)
cells burn fats because they dont have sugar (sugar high in blood, low in cells); ketones toxic to liver
54
DKA causes
```
undiagnosed diabetes
lack/interruption of insulin therapy
stress of comorbidity (MI, CHF)
infxn (release of glucocorticoids)
emotional disturbance (also raises stress hormones)
```
55
DKA clinical presentation
```
GI (abd pain, vomiting)
thist, polyuria, oliguria
hypotensive, tachycardic
hyperventilation, "ketone breath"
drowsiness
```
56
type I vs type II DM
type I -
STOP B cells from producing insulin; insulin lack, good receptors
autoimmunity to islet cells, KA, retinopathy, nephropathy
insulin DEPENDENT
type II -
too much insulin/not enough receptor activity
genetic, obesity, insulin excess > def, no KA
insulin RESISTENT
both have high blood sugar
57
zollinger ellison syndrome etiology/sx
tumor in pancreas, secretes gastrin
peptic ulcers, gastric hypersecretion, malabsorption, diarrhea
60% malignant
58
insulinoma etiology/sx
beta cell tumor, produces hypoglycemia
confusion, stupor, LOC
relieved by eating
59
thymic hyperplasia etiology
lymphoid follices in thymus
| often in myasthenia gravis, chornic inflammatory + immune states, SLE, graves, RA
60
digeorge syndrome etiology
aplasia/hypoplasia of thymus with parathyroid development failure
total absence/severe lack of cell mediated immunity and often hypoparathyroidism
may have developmental defects in heart and great vessels
61
DIT + DIT
T4 (thyroxine)
62
DIT + MIT
T3 (triiodothyronine)
63
oxytocin composition + origin
peptide from PVN of hypothalamus (stored in post pit)
64
oxytocin stimulation
uterine cervix stretching, breast suckling
65
oxytocin inhibition
lack of neural stimuli
66
oxytocin actions
uterus: stim contractions, initiates labor
breast: initiates milk ejection
67
ADH/vasopressin composition + origin
peptide from SO nucleus of hypothalamus
68
ADH/vasopressin stimulation
inc blood solute conc, dec BV, pain/drugs/low BP
69
ADH/vasopressin inhibition
adequate hydration, alcohol
70
ADH/vasopressin actions
kidneys: stim tubule cells to reabsorb H2O from forming urine back into blood
71
hyper-secretion ADH/vasopressin
SiADH
72
hyposection ADH
DI
73
GH composition + origin
protein from somatotropic cells of ant pituitary
74
GH stim
GHRH release; which is due to low glood GH, deep sleep, hypglycemia, inc blood AA, dec FAs, exercise
75
GH inhibition
GH feedback inhibition, IGFs, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation (inc GHIH, dec GHRH)
76
GH action
liver, muscle, bone, cartilage
anabolic; stim somatic growth, mobilizes fat, spares glucose
77
hyper-secretion GH
gigantism, acromegaly
78
hypo-secretion GH
pit. dwarfism
79
TSH composition + origin
glycoprotein from thyrotropic cells of ant pit
80
TSH stim
TRH, cold temp (infants)
81
TSH inhibition
feedback inhibition thyroid hormones, GHIH, PIH
82
TSH action
thyroid; stim release of thyroid hormones
83
TSH hyper-secretion
hyperthyroid
84
TSH hyposecretion
hypothyroid
85
ACTH composition + origin
peptide from corticotropic cells of ant pit
86
ACTH stim
CRH (fever, hypoglycemia, stressors)
87
ACTH inhib
glucocorticoid feedback inhibit
88
ACTH action
adrenal cortex; promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens
89
hyper-secretion ACTH
cushings dz
90
FSH composition + origin
glycoprotein from gonadotropic cells of ant pit
91
FSH stim
GnRH
92
FSH inhib
feedback inhibition estrogen/testosterone
93
FSH actions
ovaries and testes: stim ovarian follicle matruation, production of estrogens, sperm cell production
94
FSH hyposecretion
failure of sexual maturation
95
LH composition + origin
glycoprotein from gonadotropic cells of ant pit
96
LH stim
GnRH
97
LH inhib
feedback inhibiton estroens, progesterones, testosterones
98
LH action
ovaires and testes: triggers ovulation, stim ovarian production of estrogens + progestone, promotes testosterone production
99
LH hyposecretion
failure of sexual maturation
100
PRL composition + origin
protein from prolactin cells of ant pit
101
PRL stim
dec PIH (dopamine), estrogens, BC, breast feeding
102
PRL inhib
PIH (dopamine)
103
PRL action
breast secretory tissue: promotes lactation
104
hyper-secretion PRL
galactorrhea, cessation menses, impotence in males
105
hypo-secretion PRL
poor milk production in nursing
106
Function insulin
Binds insulin receptors to induce glucose uptake into insulin dependent tissues
107
Hyposecretion insulin
DM 1+2
LADA
108
Hypersecretion insulin
Insulinoma
109
Regulation insulin
Glucose enters B cells > inc ATP > K channels close/depolarization > VGCa open, Ca rushes to stimulate insulin exocytosis
110
Synthesis insulin
Preproinsulin>proinsulin> exocytosis of insulin and C peptide
111
Glucagon functions
Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, ketone production
112
Glucagon hypersecretion
Glucagonoma
113
Glucagon regulation
Secreted due to hypoglycemia
Inhibited by insulin / hyperglycemia / SS
114
Somatostatin function
Dec GH and TSH
115
Ghrelin is secreted where + has what function
Stomach, stim hunger
116
Gastrin is secreted where and has what function
enhancing gastric mucosal growth, gastric motility, and secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) into the stomach. It is present in G cells of the gastric antrum and duodenum
117
CKK is secreted where and has what function
Small intestine -
118
Leptin is secreted where and has what function
Satiety hormone
119
function cortisol
Inc appetite, BP, insulin resistance, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis
Dec fibroblast activity, inflammation, immune response, bone formation, blocks IL2 production
120
DHEA origin
Adrenal cortex - Zona reticularis
121
Epinephrine origin
Adrenal medulla, chromaffin cells
122
Norepinephrine origin
Adrenal medulla
Chromaffin cells
123
Amide hormones are derived from what/examples
Tyrosine
Epi, norepi, thyroid hormones
124
Peptide hormones ex
Insulin
PTH
Hypothalamic, pituitary hormones
125
Steroid hormones derived from/ex
Cholesterol
Pregnenolone, cortisol, DHEA/testosterone, estrogens, progesterone, Vit D
126
Amide receptors
On surface of membrane, A 1-2, B 1-3
127
Peptide hormone receptors
Protein receptors, on surface of cell membrane, C protein receptors, cAMP second messenger
128
Steroid hormone receptors
Intracellular
129
Cholesterol endocrine function
Cholesterol desmolase > pregnenolone > 17OHpregnenolone > DHEA
130
17a hydroxylase endocrine function
Converts pregnenolone > DHEA and progesterone > androstenedione
131
Aromatase endocrine function
Converts androstenedione > estrone and testosterone > estradiol
132
5 reductase endocrine function
Converts testosterone > DHT
133
21 hydroxylase + 11b hydroxylase endocrine function
Converts progesterone > 11 deoxycorticosteone > corticosterone (to eventually be made into aldosterone)
134
Function of Vit D
Inc absorption Ca and Ph, enhances mineralization of bone
Inc PTH > dec Ca and Ph > inc 125OHD
135
Liver and kidney forms of Vit D
25OHD liver 125OHD kidney
