Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Putuitary, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pineal
Responses occur more slowly, but tend to last longer than the nervous system.
Ductless

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Hormones

A

long-distance chemical signals that travel in blood and lymph

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Autocrines and Paracrines

A

Are local chemical messengers and will not be considered part of the endocrine system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Amino acid based hormones

A

The majority: Amines, thyroxine, peptides, proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Steroids

A

Synthesizes from cholesterol. Gonadal and adrenocortical hormones. Affect the DNA of the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hormone action on cells

A

Alters plasma membrane permeability by opening or closing ion channels.
Stimulates synthesis of enzymes and other proteins
Activate or deactivate enzymes inducing secretory activity.
Stimulates mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Water-soluble hormones

A

Amino acid based hormones. Cannot enter target cells, so act on plasma membrane receptors. Coupled by G proteins and start second messenger system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Lipid-soluble hormones

A

Steroid and thyroid hormones.

Act on intracellular receptors that directly activate genes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

cAMP signaling mechanism

A

Hormone binds to receptor
Receptor activates G protein
G protein increases or decreases adenylate cyclase
AC converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
cAMP activates protein kinases
Large cascade occurs within cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Up-regulation

A

target cells form more receptors in response to decreased levels of hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Down-regulation

A

target cells lose receptors in response to high levels of hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Many hormones travel on…

A

Albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most hormones that are not bound have…

A

a short half-life in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Permissiveness

A

One hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Synergism

A

More than one hormone produces the same effect on a target cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Antagonism

A

One or more hormones oppose the actions of another hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Humoral Stimuli

A

Changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulates secretion of hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Hormonal stimuli

A

Hormones stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Posterior pituitary (lobe)

A

Pituicytes and nerve fibers

Secretes Oxytocin, ADH (actually made in hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Anterior Pituitary

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL (prolactin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Growth Hormone

A

Stimulates most cells, but targets bone and skeletal muscle.
Promotes protein synthesis, encourages use of fats for fuel.
Enhances body protein, uses fat stores, conserves carbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

GHRH, GHIH

A

Growth hormone releasing and inhibiting hormones made in the hypothalamus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Too much GH

A

In children results in giantism

In adults results in acromegaly (large jaw, long-fingered hands, big feet, long brow.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Too little GH

A

pituitary dwarfism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Thyrotropin (TSH). Produced by anterior pituitary. Stimulates normal development and secretory activity of the thyroid.
26
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone (released from hypothalamus) regulates TSH .
27
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (Corticotropin)
Secreted by the anterior putuitary. Stimulates adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids. regulated by CRH in the hypothalamus
28
LH and FSH
LH promotes FSH which promotes gamete production.
29
Prolactin (PRL)
Secreted by lactotrophs of the anterior pituitary. | stimulates milk production in breast tissue.
30
ADH and Oxytocin are released in response to...
Nerve impulses
31
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth Triggers milk ejection Plays a role in sexual arousal
32
Pituitary tumors
Symptoms include bilateral decrease in visual field. | Can be seen on CT at sella tursica
33
ADH
Synthesized by hypothalamus and released by posterior pituitary.
34
ADH deficiency
DIabetes Insipidus (mimicks diabetes) Not retaining water or sodium polyuria
35
ADH hypersecretion
Hypertension Congestive heart failure Edema
36
Thyroid Gland
Produces calcitonin, TH (T3 is more active than T4)
37
Thyroid Hormone
``` Major metabolic hormone. Increase metabolic rate and heat production. Maintains blood pressure Tissue growth, developmental growth Reproductive capabilities ```
38
Action of TH
Diffuses into nucleus and acts on DNA synthesis which leads to protein synthesis Hypothalamic TRH regulates TH release
39
Hypothyroidism
Weight Gain, Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, constipation. Dx, TSH and T4 Hashimoto's thyroiditis: may see goiter Tx: Synthroid
40
Hyperthyroidism
High metabolism, irritability, palpitations, sweating, diarrhea, high appetite, tremmor Grave's disease: exopthalmus (surgical) TSH and T4 are used to diagnose Tx: destroy thyroid gland: radioactive iodine
41
Calcitonin
Produces by parafollicular cells. Antagonist to PTH Inhibits osteoclast activity Reduces blood Calcium
42
Parathyroid Glands
Chief cells release PTH Most important hormone in Ca homeostasis Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone matrix Promotes activation of vitamin D
43
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyperplasia of parathyroid gland, adenoma - Bones soften and deform - Elevates Calcium, kidney stones Tx: Removal of parathyroid gland(s)
44
Hypoparathyroidism
Following gland trauma or removal. Hypocalcemia Results in tetany, respiratory paralysis, and even death.
45
Adrenal Medulla
Made of nervous tissue, part of the sympathetic nervous system. Secretes Epi and Norepi
46
Adrenal Cortex
Three layers of glandular tissue that synthasize and secrete corticosteroids.
47
Zona glomerulosa
Makes aldosterone
48
Zona fasciculata
glucocorticoids and small amounts of androgens and estrogens
49
Zona reticularis
andosterone et. al
50
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone is the most potent in the body. Regulates electrolytes in the body Regulated by ACTH
51
Aldosteronism
Hypersecretion due to adrenal tumors. Hypertension Excretion of K leading to abnormal functions of neurons and muscle
52
Glucocorticoids
Keep blood sugars relatively constant. Cortisol - most potent glucocorticoid Cortocosterone - less potent Under control of ACTH
53
Hypersecretion of Cortisol
``` Cushings Syndrome Depresses cartillage and bone formation inhibits inflammation depresses immune system Buffalo Hump ```
54
Hyposecretion of Cortisol
Addison's disease Weight loss Hypotension severe dehydration
55
Gonadocorticoids
Sex hormones Most are androgens (male sex hormones) Converted to testosterone in tissue cells Estrogen in females
56
Pineal Gland
Secretes melatonin - timing of sexual maturation and puberty - day/night cycles
57
Pancreas
You know
58
Acinar Cells
Produce enzyme rich juice for digestion
59
Pancreatic Cells
Islets of Langerhans contain endocrine cells
60
Alpha Cells
Produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)
61
Beta Cells
Produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
62
Somatostatin
inhibits insulin and glucagon
63
Glucagon
Acts on liver Breakdown of glycogen to glucose Synthesis of glucose
64
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels | enhances membrane transport of glusose into fat and muscle cells
65
Diabetes Mellitus
Due to hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin. cellular membranes are resistant to insulin - polyuria - polydipsia - polyphagia
66
Hyperinsulinism
Excessive insulin secretion - hypoglycemia - decreased LOC
67
DKA
``` Generally occurs in Type I diabetes Marked hyperglycemia Dehydration and increase in ketones (acidosis) Need fluids and insulin initially high K, then hypokalemia ```
68
End organ effects of DM
``` Cardiovascular disease Retinopathy Peripheral Neuropathy Kidney Failure (microprotinuria) - should be on ACE inhibitor to protect kidneys ```

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions