Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory input

A

information gathered my sensory receptors about internal and external changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Integration

A

interpretation of sensory input
body ignores 99% of sensory input
happens in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Motor output

A

activation of effector organs produces a response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

Brain and spinal cord
Integration and command center
100 billion neurons
protected by skull and vertebral bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Paired spinal and cranial nerves carry messages to and from and CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Sensory Division

A

Afferent division. Somatic afferent fibers convert impulses from skin, muscles and joints
Visceral afferent fibers convey impulses from visceral organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Motor Division

A

Efferent: Transmit impulses from CNS to effector organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Somatic Nervous system

A

Voluntary nervous system. Conscious control of skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Autonomic Nervous system (ANS)

A

Involuntary Nervous system. regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands.
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sympathetic Division

A

Upregulation: Fight or Flight: Mobilizes body systems during activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Downregulation: Conserves energy. Promotes housekeeping functions during rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Neurons

A

Do not undergo cell division. Can live over 100 years. High metabolic rate, require continuous O2 and glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Neuroganglia

A

Glial Cells. Supporting cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant in brain, versatile and branched glial cells.
Cling to neurons and capillaries, support and brace them.
Determine capillary permeability, control chemical environment, participate in information processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microglia

A

Migrate towards injured Neurons. phagocytose microorganisms and neural debris.
Defensive cells of CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

squamous to columnar cells that may be ciliated.
Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord.
separate CNS fluid from CSF in cavities.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers, forming insulated myelin sheaths.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Satellite Cells

A

Neuroglia in the PNS that surround neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Neuroglia that surround peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths. Vital to regeneration of damages PNS fibers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cell body

A

biosynthetic center and receptive region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Dendrites

A

extend from cell body and receive signals from axon terminal of preceding neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Axon

A

Impulse generating and conducting region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Axon Terminal

A

Secretory region to dendrites of next cell. Secretes neurotransmitters to dendrites of next cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Spaces between myelin sheaths along axon where new impulse is produced

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Anterograde Movement
Movement toward the axon terminal. mitochondria, membrane components, enzymes.
26
Retrograde transport
Movement toward the cell body. Organelles to be degraded, signal molecules, foreign invaders.
27
Neurilemma
Peripheral bulge of schwann cell cytoplasm
28
White Matter
Dense collections of myelinated fibers
29
Gray Matter
Mostly neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers
30
Multipolar Neuron
1 axon and several dendrites. Most abundant | motor neurons and interneurons
31
Bipolar Neuron
1 axon and 1 dendrite. Rare.Retinal and olfactory neurons
32
Unipolar Neurons
Single, short processes that have two branches. | Have a peripheral process and a central process. Generally sensory neurons
33
Interneurons
Shuttle signals through CNS pathways. Most are entirely within the CNS
34
Resting Membrane potential
Approximately -70mV in neurons. Inside is more negative than the outside. ICF has lower concentration of Na and Cl
35
Permeability of Membrane
Impermeable to proteins Slightly permeable to Na Very permeable to K Freely permeable to Cl
36
Graded potential
Incoming short distance signals. dissipate quicker
37
Action Potentials
Long-distance signals of axons. | Brief reversal of membrane potential, with inside of cell reaching +30
38
Depolarization
A reduction in membrane potential toward zero. Increases probability of nerve impulse. -55 is the critical level
39
Hyperpolarization
An increase in the membrane potential away from zero. | Reduces probability or producing a nerve impulse
40
Resting State
Only leakage channels are open (always are). All gates channels are closed
41
Depolarization Phase
Depolarizing local currents reach threshold, voltage gates Na channels open and depolarize membrane
42
Repolarizing Phase
Na gates close, Slow voltage gates K channels open. K exits the cell and internal and internal negativity is restored.
43
Hyperpolarization
Some K channels remain open, allowing excess K efflux. This hyperpolarizes the membrane. Allows for Na/K pumps to restore resting ionic conditions
44
Absolute refractory period
Time form the opening of Na channels until the resetting of the channels. Ensures AP is all or none, and one way.
45
Relative refractory period
Is the period of depolarization. Period where repolarization is occurring. Prevents tetani, only a very strong stimulus can generate a new AP
46
Conduction Velocity depends on...
Axon diameter and Myelination.
47
Saltatory conduction
Jumping of AP from one node of ranvier to another. an effect of myelination. 30x faster. voltage gated channels are located at the nodes.
48
Multiple Sclerosis
Autoimmune disease where myelin sheaths are degraded. results in loss of muscle control, weakness, etc. Can be treated by immune system modifying drugs.
49
Group A Fibers
Large diameter, myeliated somatic sensory and motor fibers.
50
Group B Fibers
Intermediate fiber, lightly myelinated ANS fibers
51
Group C fibers
Smallest diameter, unmyelinated ANS fibers.
52
Synapse
A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to another, or an effector cell.
53
Presynaptic neuron
conducts impulses toward the synapse
54
Postsynaptic neuron
transmits impulses away form the synapse
55
Electrical Synapses
Less common that chemical synapses. Neurons are coupled by gap junctions. Some brain regions and embryonic nervous tissue
56
Chemical Synapses
Specialized release and reception of neurotransmitters.
57
Synaptic Cleft
Fluid-filled space separating pre and postsynaptic neurons. Prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next. Ensures unidirectional communication
58
Information Transfer at Synapse
AP arrives at axon terminal and opens voltage-gated Ca channels. Protein binds Ca and promotes exocytosis of synaptic vessels. Neurotransmitter minds postsynaptic neuron, causes a graded AP to be sent.
59
Synaptic Delay
rate limiting step of neural transmission. The time it takes for the neurotransmitter to pass synapse
60
Post-synaptic Potentials
Graded potentials. EPSP - Excitatory IPSP - Inhibitory
61
Temporal Summation
2 EPSP's come in together at the same time to fore an AP
62
Spatial Summation
Two stimuli 2 different locations cause EPSP's that add together
63
Acetylcholine
neurotransmitter released at all neuromuscular junctions, and in the heart. Broken down by acetylcholinesterase. Synthesized by acetyltransferase. Excitatory in muscle Inhibitory in heart
64
Catecholamines
Dopamine, NE, and epinephrine.
65
Indolamines
Serotonin and Histamine
66
Substance P
Mediator of pain signals
67
Endorphins
Act as natural opiates, reduce pain perception
68
Nitric Oxide
Synthesized on demand. Activated cyclic GMP. Involved in learning and memory.
69
Endocannabinoids
Involved in learning and memory
70
Direct Actions
Create rapid responses. Neurotransmitter binds directly to channel linked receptor
71
Indirect Action
Neurotransmitter binds to a G linked protein and acts through a second messenger. Promotes long-lasting effects
72
Neural Integration
Functional groups of neurons that integrate incoming information and forward that information to other destinations
73
Simple Neural Pool
Single presynaptic fiber branches and synapses with several neurons in pool.
74
Diverging circuit
One fiber stimulates an ever increasing number of fibers, often amplifying circuits.
75
Serial processing
Input travels along one pathway to a specific destination, in al all or none manner to produce a specific response. Reflexes
76
Nerve cells arise from...
The Ectoderm
77
Growth cone at tip of axon interacts with....
Cell surface adhesion proteins (N-CAMs) Neurotropins that attract or repel growth cone Nerve growth factor which keeps neuroblast alive 2/3 or neurons die before birth

Anatomy (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions