endocrine

Question 1

what are 5 hormones that increase blood sugar?

Answer 1

glucagon
adrenaline and noradrenaline
cortisol
growth hormone
thyroid hormone

Question 2

what is hydronephrosis?

Answer 2

swelling of kidney due to blockage upstream.

Question 3

what is the best test for kidney stones?

Answer 3

CT KUB

Question 4

what is some lifestyle advice for chronic kidney stones?

Answer 4

increased fluid intake
decrease salt and meat consumption

Question 5

what are the 2 causes of chronic urinary retention?

Answer 5

1) bladder failure
2) blockage, usually from prostate

Question 6

what is a trabeculated bladder?

Answer 6

bladder walls are thickened -makes it harder to contract-can lead to incomplete emptying.

Question 7

if someone comes with kidney stones what are 2 important bloods to do?

Answer 7

1) U and Es-uric acid can cause stones
2) calcium-high calcium can cause stones-rule out hyperparathyroidism

Question 8

what equation is used in patients with stable renal function to estimate creatinine clearance?

Answer 8

Cockcroft-Gault Equation

Question 9

what is a drug that helps heart failure and diabetes?

Answer 9

empagliflozin-SGLT2 inhibitor that increases glucose excretion in kidneys but also helps cardiovascular system esp in preventing HF
one flaw=makes you more likely to get UTIs (high glucosurea)

Question 10

what is another name for de quervain’s thyroiditis?

Answer 10

subacute thyroiditis

Question 11

when does de quervain’s thyroiditis occur?

Answer 11

following viral infection

Question 12

what are the characteristic histological cells found in hodgkin’s disease?

Answer 12

reed sternberg cells

Question 13

what are the guidelines on metformin and egfr?

Answer 13

stopped when eGFR is less than 30
used with caution when eGFR less than 45

Question 14

what are the rules on hypos and driving?

Answer 14

diabetic patients who have had 2 hypoglycaemic episodes requiring help need to surrender their driving license and inform the DVLA.

Question 15

which bacteria is commonly found in rice and has a short incubation period?

Answer 15

bacillus cereus

Question 16

what drug should be used to manage a patient’s symptoms quickly in new cases of grave’s disease before going on long term management?

Answer 16

propranolol

Question 17

what is diclofenac?

Answer 17

NSAID esp used for renal colic

Question 18

what painkiller do you use acutely for renal colic?

Answer 18

diclofenac-type of NSAID

Question 19

how does myasthenia gravis usually present?

Answer 19

muscle fatiguability-muscles become progressively weaker during periods of activity and improve on rest.
can also have blurred vision, ptosis, and dysphagia.

Question 20

what is a classic visual sign of pituitary adenoma?

Answer 20

bitemporal hemianopia

Question 21

what hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 21

TSH
FSH, LH
prolactin
GH
ACTH

Question 22

what hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 22

oxytocin, ADH

Question 23

what hormone level is changed in acromegaly?

Answer 23

growth hormone -too much

Question 24

what test is diagnostic for acromegaly?

Answer 24

OGTT

Question 25

which medications cause hypothyroidism?

Answer 25

lithium amiodarone antithyroid meds

Question 26

what is sheehan's syndrome?

Answer 26

postpartum avascular necrosis to anterior pituitary -causes decrease of all anterior pituitary hormones eg TSH (hypothyroidism)

Question 27

what is thyrotoxicosis?

Answer 27

sx of hyperthyroidism (doesn't have to acc have increase T3 or T4)

Question 28

what is the most common cause of raised calcium in an otherwise well person?

Answer 28

primary hyperparathyrodism -80% asx.

Question 29

what are the causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Answer 29

vit D deficiency CKD (assume cos kidneys make active vit D)

Question 30

what does ADH do to urine and blood osmolality and sodium?

Answer 30

increases both in urine decreases both in blood

Question 31

what is an important endocrine SE of SSRIs?

Answer 31

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion

Question 32

which diabetes drug class increases the risk of hypos?

Answer 32

sulfonylureas, eg gliclazide

Question 33

failure of what organ can cause hypoglycaemia?

Answer 33

liver -site of glycogenolysis when low BM

Question 34

what is fourniere's syndrome?

Answer 34

like nec fasc but for genitals (ew)

Question 35

what is diabetes insipidus?

Answer 35

kidneys unable to reabsorb water due to lack of ADH (cranial) or lack of response to ADH (nephrogenic)

Question 36

what is the first line specific investigation for diabetes insipidus?

Answer 36

water deprivation test

Question 37

what is a cause of tertiary adrenal insuffiency?

Answer 37

long term steroid use -been using them for so long the crh-acth-cortisol loop completely shuts off.