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Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

-tropin

A

to make happen

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2
Q

what is a hormone?

A

chemical messenger that is secreted into blood when stimulated

  • receptors on target organ are sensitive to specific hormones
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3
Q

what do endocrine glands do?[

A

synthesize + store + secrete hormones

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4
Q

3 ways secretion is controlled

A

1) negative feedback
- risen above level -> signal to stop

2) positive feedback
- using more -> making more
ie. nursing releases prolactin

3) nervous stimulation
ie. SNS releases adrenalin

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5
Q

what is a paracrine gland?

A

makes local hormones into tissue, not inro bloodstream
ie. eicosanoids

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6
Q

what is an eicosanoid?

A

hormone-like, made from unsaturated fat
- act close to place of production
- blocked by NSAIDs

3 types :
- prostaglandins
- leukotrienes (WBC causing inflammation)
- thromboxanes (for clotting)

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7
Q

prostaglandins

A
  • most organs make it; many different types
  • vasodilation
  • GI contraction/relaxation
  • bronchoconstriction
  • renal blood flow
  • platelet aggregation
  • inflammation (PGE)
  • reproduction (PGF2-a causing luteolysis)
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8
Q

how can prostaglandin help cow reproduction?

A

PGF2-a causes luteolysis (abortion) in early pregnancy -> gets estrus synchronized in cows so they can get pregnant at same time

CL regresses -> cow returns to heat
- easiest in heifers, lactation delays estrus in cows

other options:
- estrogen (stops FSH)
- CIDR (IUD device releases progesterone)
- GnRH (from hypothalamus; stimulates FSH + LH release from pituitary -> causes ovulation)

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9
Q

hypothalamus

A

base of brain
- links cerebrum (consciousness) + endocrine

  • appetite, temperature, sleep-wake
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10
Q

pituitary

A

small pea at base of hypothalamus w/ stalk of nerves + vessels
- ‘master gland’

2 parts:
1) ANTERIOR (glandular/vesseled)
- produces hormones
- portal system of vessels connects to hypoth
- hypoth regulates hormone secretion in pituitary by secreting its own hormones (RH) into pituitary when CNS tells it to
- also directed from target organ feedback

  • TSH
  • ACTH
  • PRL
  • GH
  • FSH
  • LH

2) POSTERIOR (nervous)
- stores + releases but doesn’t produce
- direct transport via nerve connection
- hypoth nerve impulses stimulate release

  • ADH
  • Oxy
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11
Q

growth hormone
AKA somatotropin

A

body growth in young animals

  • builds from protein, uses fat, + increase glucose…….
  • promotes protein anabolism
  • moves lipid from storage for catabolism
  • promotes glycogenolysis -> more glucose (promotes hyperglycemia)

DEFICIENCY
- thin skin, alopecia
- dwarfism

EXCESS
- gigantism (excess while growing) -> bone growth
- acromegaly (excess while mature) -> cartilage growth
- bovine somatotropin excess increases milk production

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12
Q

prolactin

A

triggers + maintains lactation via positive feedback
- dries up if physical stimulation stops

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13
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
AKA thyrotropin

A
  • stimulates thyroid to make its hormones
  • stimulated by hypothalamus releasing TRH
  • negative feedback: increases if thyroid hormones drop; drops if thyroid hormones increase
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14
Q

adrenocorticotropin AKA ACTH

A
  • stimulates adrenal cortex
  • negative feedback
  • when CNS stressed -> hypothalamus releases ACTH-RH or C-RH -> pituitary releases ACTH -> ACTH causes cortisol release from adrenal cortex
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15
Q

follicle-stimulating AKA FSH

A
  • a gonadotropin
  • ovarian follicle growth
  • follicular cells release estrogen -> oocyte (egg) grows
  • more follicles -> release of more than one egg -> useful in animal production

males: sperm growth + estrogen production

…. estrogen/pituitary feedback eventually decreases FSH + increases LH

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16
Q

luteinizing AKA LH

A
  • a gonadotropin
  • ripens follicle -> rupture + release of egg
  • empty follicle becomes ‘corpus lute’ -> progestins (pregnancy maintainers) released

males: ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating) encourages testosterone

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17
Q

melanocyte-stimulating AKA MSH

A

high levels make skin darker
- colour changes in some animals (reptiles)

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18
Q

antidiuretic ADH
AKA vasopression

A

conserves water
- when dehydtrated -> ADH secreted
- more water gets reabsorbed in kidneys + urine = more concentrated
- blocked by alcohol + caffeine

DEFICIENCY
- diabetes insipidus
- PU/PD
- ADH mimicking drugs treat

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19
Q

mellitus vs. insipidus

Study These Flashcards
A

I = insipidus low
M = insulin low

I = no glucose in pee
M = glucose i npee

I = low SG
M = normal/slightly low SG

I = high urine volume
M = high urine volume

20
Q

oxytocin

Study These Flashcards
A

uterine muscle contraction
- encourages bonding w/ offspring
- causes milk letdown in mammary gland

21
Q

thyroid

Study These Flashcards
A

thousands of follicles (cells around central colloid)
- produces T4/3 AND calcitonin

22
Q

thyroid hormone

Study These Flashcards
A
  • numbered by iodine molecules
  • T3 = active form , produced from T4
  • T4 = main form, diagnostic, AKA thyroxine
  • TSH stimulates production
  • calorigenic: increases metabolism (goes up in cold, down when stressed)
  • if nutrition is good = protein anabolism, if nutrition poor = protein catabolism
  • lipid catabolism
  • can cause hyperglycemia
  • increases HR
  • helps young develop

PROBLEMS:
- goiter: benign thyroid enlargement from iodine deficiency
- decreased T4 -> pituitary makes more TSH -> thyroid englarges but is still hypo

  • hypothyroid: low T3 + 4, usually adult dogs
  • can cause dwarfism + cretinism in young
  • alopecia, dry skin, weight gain, tired, heat-seeking, slow HR
  • hyper: high T3 + 4 in cats
  • nervous, irritable, weight loss, hungry, high HR, PU/PD
  • gland removal or TH inhibitors
23
Q

calcitonin

Study These Flashcards
A

keeps blood Ca from being high
- stored excess in bones

24
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Study These Flashcards
A

keeps blood Ca from being low:
- renal + intestinal absorption
- mobilization from bones

DEFICIENCY
- milk fever + ecclampsia

EXCESS
- osteoporosis
- rickets (bone deformity in growing animals)
- bighead/bran disease in horses (bone absorbs and is replaced by bulky gobrous tissue)

25
adrenal cortex
glandular tissue, outer - 3 layers, each producing different stress hormone 1) mineralocorticoid AKA aldosterone in outer 2) glucocorticoid AKA cortisone in middle 3) androgen/estrogen in inner
26
mineralocorticoid
outer adrenal cortex - regulate electrolytes - increases blood Na, decreases K + H via kidneys - water retains thanks to Na renin-angtiontensin system stimulates release - renin released from kidney when BP down - precursor peptide converts -> angtiotensin II - vasoconstricts to raise BP - decreases renal perfusion; tells aldosterone to hold onto fluid ACE inhibitors + andiotensin blockers = heart meds that lower BP - angiotensin converting enzyme inhibited
27
glucocorticoid
middle adrenal cortex layer - increases blood glucose - gluconeogenesis in liver - stress response - maintains BP - mobilizes protein + fat - anti-inflammatory (prednisone mimics) side effects: - PU/PD - immunosuppression - slow healing - protein catabolism - hyper glycemia
28
adrenal medulla
nervous tissue - modified neurons that act as hormone-secreting cells - make epinephrine when SNS stimulates - flight/flight comes from SNS + hormones - increased HR, RR (dilated airway), BP, blood glucose - decreased GI
29
pancreas
exo + endo thousands of 'islets of langerhans' with 3 different cell types (each making different hormone) 1) alpha - glucagon 2) beta - insulin 3) delta - somatostatin
30
glucagon
pancreas - raises blood glucose - glycogenolysis + gluconeogenesis
31
insulin
pancreas, most important - cells absorb glucose (lowers blood glucose) - increases glycogensis - increases protein + fat synthesis
32
somatostatin
pancreas - inhibits glucagon + insulin + GH - decreases GI motility
33
testes
coiled seminiferous tubules that produce sperm constantly + interstitial cells b/w that produce androgens - androgen: mostly testosterone - secondary sex characteristic development: muscle, libido, penis growth - sperm maturation - anabolic metabolic effect - produce LH
34
ovaries
cyclically produce hormones + ova - FSH + LH control 1) estrogen: - made from developing follicle cells (thanks to FSH) - causes estrus changes - negative feedback to decrease FSH + increase LH when levels high - ovulation = peak LH 2) progestins: - after ovulation, LH turns empty follicle into corpus luteum - CL makes progestin, persists if pregnant - PGF2-a causes luteolysis: reduces progestins + aborts - used as drug to suppress estrus, synchronize estrus, maintain pregnancy
35
kidneys
1) erythropoietin (EPO) - RBC production when hypoxia - reason why renal failure often comes with anemia 2) renin
36
stomach
gastrin: - when food present = stimulates HCl + contraction
37
small intestine
1) secretin - makes pancreas release bicarb to neutralize 2) Cholecystokinin (CCK) - stop gastric secretion + motility - makes gall bladder contract
38
placenta
1) estrogen + progesterone 2) chorionic gonadotropin - maintains CL in humans + horses (like LH) - used in pregnancy tests
39
thymus
- helps young develop T lymphocytes (immunity) 1) thymosin 2) thymopoietin
40
pineal
- seasonal estrus in some species - photosensitive in fish + amphibians (thin skull, light penetrates) - photoreceptors in eyes relay light info in mammals (disrupted sleep from light at night) 1) melatonin - high at night
41
diabetes mellitus
not enough insulin made in pancreas -> cells can't absorb -> high blood + urine glucose signs: - PU/PD - polyphagia - weight loss - lethargy - cataracts in dogs; plantigrade cats treatments: - insulin injection - canned food for cats - monitored diet complications: - ketoacidosis: body breaks down fat when there's no insulin -> makes ketones. anorexia, dehydration, v/d - bacterial infections - insulin overdose -> hypoglycemia (restless, ataxia, seizures) monitoring: - blood glucose curves: measure every 2 hrs, nadir = lowest BG level - fructosamine: blood sent to lab, gives average - continuous: sensor in skin
42
diabetes insipidus
- kidneys not absorbing water - ADH deficiency OR collecting ducts not responding to ADH - diagnosed by giving synthetic ADH -> urine SG - or by depriving of water -> urine SG signs: - PU/PD - dilute urine (low SG)
43
cushings AKA hyperadrenocorticism
- adrenal cortex producing too much steroid - often from pituitary tumor -> negative feedback fails + pituitary keeps making ACTH even though cortisol is high PU/PD polyphagia muscle wasting abdominal distension lethargy thin skin + hair loss - long hair in horses
44
addison/s AKA hypoadrenocorticism
- adrenal cortex not making enough steroid (mineralo +/- gluco) - immune-mediated cortex destruction, neoplasia, or iatrogenic long-term steroid administration - low Na + high K anorexia V/d PU/PD hypotension bradycardia
45
hyperparathyroidism
1) neoplasia AKA primary - high blood Ca, tissue calcification - anorexia, lethargy, weakness 2) renal disease AKA renal secondary - low blood Ca - calcitriol (active vit D) stopped - rubber jaw, lame, osteo, rickets 3) nutritional secondary - diet low in Ca

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