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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 2 - Skeletal System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Function of bone

A

Support: framework
Protection: surrounds organs
Leverage: muscle site attachments
blood cell production : ‘hematopoiesis’
mineral storage: esp. calcium (required for contraction, milk, clotting)

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2
Q

bone characteristics

A

2nd hardest body substance (enamel first)
can remodel and repair itself
made up of cells in matrix

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3
Q

bone cell life cycle

A

start as osteoblasts
produce matrix of collagen + ground substance
blasts harden the matrix by adding crystalline calcium and phosphate salts (ossification)
blasts become trapped in small spaces in matrix (lacunae)
blasts now considered ‘osteoctyes’

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4
Q

hormones controlling calcium

A

calcitonin: thyroid gland, prevents blood levels from getting too high by placing calcium in bones

parathyroid hormone: parathyroid glands, prevents blood levels from getting too low by removing calcium from bones

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5
Q

osteoblasts

A

form bone
- secrete matrix
- add minerals to ossify

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6
Q

osteocytes

A

blasts trapped in the ossified matrix

  • revert back if needed (injury)
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7
Q

osteoclasts

A

eat away bone

  • allow body to withdraw calcium for use
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8
Q

2 bone types

A

compact
cancellous (spongy)

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9
Q

parts of a long bone

A
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10
Q

compact bone

A

dense
shaft of long bones, outside of all
permeated by microscopic framework of tunnels, channels (nourish bone) surrounded by hard matrix

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11
Q

osteon/haversian system

A

functional + structural unit of compact bone
1-2 capillaries
around each central haversian canal are concentric rings of matrix (‘lamellae’)
small hollow cvaities (lacunae) between lamellae
series of tiny hollow tunnels (canaliculi) join central (haversian) canal to lacunae + lacunae to each other, nourish
groups of osteons in parallel arrangement
perforating volkmann’s canals penetrate bone and connect haversian canals to osteons

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12
Q

cancellous bone

A

continues on from compact bone, no clear demarcation
less histologically organized
trabeculae AKA spicules: series of branching plates of matrix, interconnect and make caves that store fat (bone marrow) - reduce weight of bone - supports from pulling forces - punctuated by lacunae and blood vessels (nourshment)

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13
Q

long bone

A

longer in one direction
levers, support, site for muscle attachment

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14
Q

parts of long bone

A

p 177

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15
Q

epiphyses

A

enlarged ends of long bones
primarily made of cancellous bone

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16
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bones
mostly compact

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17
Q

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

between epi + diaphysis
layer of dividing cartilage
ossifies with age, weak until then

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18
Q

periosteum

A

fibrous membrane covering compact bone (except at articular surfaces)
anchored by collagen fibers embedded in outer lamellae

fibrous outer layer + inner osteogenic layer (new bone-forming cell source)

important for healing and growth of diameter

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19
Q

endosteum

A

lines inner surface of bone
contains osteoblasts
assists healing

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20
Q

articular cartilage

A

smooth layer of hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces of epiphysis
reduces joint friction

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21
Q

short bones

A

cuboid
no marrow cavity, just cancellous

absorb shock

eg. tarsus

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22
Q

flat bones

A

protect organs
attachment for large muscle groups.

eg. ribsm scapula, pelvis, cranial

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23
Q

irregular bones

A

anything thats not long, short, or flat

sesamoid (embedded in tendon, eg patella, fabellae)

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24
Q

condyles

A

large round
mainly in femur, humerus, occipital

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25
head
single spherical portion @ prxoimal epiphysis of humerus, femur, ribs 'ball' of ball and socket joints united to shaft by a 'neck'
26
facet
flat, allows for rocking in carpal/tarsal, vertebrae
27
processes
general term for bumps, the greater the process the more powerful muscular pull articulating processes: heads, condyles (smooth) non articulating: site for attachment (rough surface) eg. trochanter on femur, tubercle on humerus
28
foramen
hole for nerve/vessel to pass except obturator foramen (largest in body) which exists to decrease pelvis weight
29
fossa
depressed area usually for muscles/tendons
30
bone blood supply
from vessels in periosteum penetrate through volkmanns canals (run at right angles to long bones) -> haversain canals (run parallel), allows for nutrition to osteocytes nutrient foramen: large channel of blood vessels -> marrow
31
bone marrow
fills space in diaphysis of long and spicules of cancellous red yellow
32
red marrow
hematopoietic young animals smaller parts in older animals (end of long bones, pelvis, sternum)
33
yellow marrow
mostly adipose adults doesn't make blood cells, but can revert to red if needed
34
endochondral bone formation
grows into and replaces cartilage framework most common, how bones grow in fetus begin ossifying at center of long bone (primary growth center) epiphysis = secondary growth center body lays down cartilage on epi side of growth plate, blasts ossify it on the diaphyseal side epihyseal plates ossify too once animal mature ('united anoconeal process' = elbow problem in large dogs) *why new puppies can't have vigorous exercise
35
intramembranous bone formation
develops from fibrous tissue membranes happens in some skull bones fiber covers brain of fetus, then ossified
36
bone homeostasis
bones constantly remodelling osteoclasts destroy bone (allows for rebuild) blasts build bone mineral levels controlled by hormones
37
bone building minerals + vitamins
calcium + phosphorous magneisum manganese copper Vit D, A
38
bone building hormones
parathyroid hormone - increases blood calcium levels (stimulates release from bone) - inhibits calcium excretion by kidneys - stimulates calcium absorption in intestine calcitriol (vit D) - increases calcium - inhibits calcium excretion by kidneys - stimulates absorption of calcium by intestine calcitonin - decreases - inhibits release of calcium from bone - stimulates calcium excretion by kidneys growth hormone: - general tissue growth - stimulates epiphyseal cartilage - stimulates calcium excretion by kidneys - stimulates calcium absorption by intestine insulin - bone formation sex hormones (estrogen + testosterone) - stop longitudinal growth by degenration epiphyseal plates - bone formation - estrogen prevents osteoporosis glucocorticoids (cortisol + aldosterone) - suppresses calcium absorption - decreases blood calcium concentrations - weakens bone
39
3 dog skull types
dolicocephalic: long (collie) mesocephalic: moderate (lab) brachycephalic: short (pug, also persian cats)
40
bracycephalic
defective teeth (over crowding) difficulty breathing (distorted nasal bones) shallow eye sockets dystocia (difficult birth)
41
cornual process
horn in cattle that extends into frontal sinus dehorning can result in frontal sinus being exposed to infection
42
horse turbinates
prone to bleeding when passing stomach tube through
43
spine developmental issues
spina bifida: cleft/space in dorsal part of vertebral column hemi vertebrae: failure of vertebral body to ossify -> improperly formed. curvature of spine wobblers (cervical vertebral instability): narrowing of spinal canal in cervical region, compresses spinal cord, caused by genetics/growth rate - common in horses and great danes - signs: ataxia (uncoordination), looks wobbly - can progress to paralysis
44
angular limb deformities in foals
congenital or acquired neonatal - usually affects carpus - can be distal radial physis/growth plate (tarsus) - cause distal portion of limb to deviate either laterally or medially
45
premature closure of physis (growth plate)
usually radius and ulna causes bowing
46
mandible species differences
dogs + cats: 2 sides united by cartilaginous joint 'mandibular symphysis'. horse: fused
47
scapula species differences
well developed in ungulates poorly developed in carnivores
48
radius and ulna species differences
cat + dog: separate horse + ruminants: fused
49
carpus species differences
generally 8 bones. cat + dog: radial and intermediate fused. ruminants: 1st missing, 2nd and 3rd fused horse: 1st MAY be missing
50
metacarpal species differences
5, numbered 1-5 medial -> lateral carnivore: MC 1 non-weight bearing ruminants: MC 1 + 2 missing, 3 + 4 fused 'cannon', MC 5 vestigial (no digit) horse: MC 1 + 5 missing, 2 + 4 reduced 'splint', MC 3 only weight supporting digit (cannon)
51
digits species differences
carnivores: 2 3 4 5 bear weight ruminants: 3 4 bear weight, 2 5 vestigial remnants horse: 3 bears weight (P1: long pastern, P2: short pastern, P3: coffin)
52
sesamoid bone - horse
proximal ones in fetlock region (distal MC and proximal phalanx junction) distal one ('navicular') junction of middle and distal phalanx
53
femur species differences
trochlear tubercle: very prominent in horse (part of stay apparatus) greater trochanter of horse divided into cranial and caudal
54
tibia/fibula species differences
carnivores: 2 distinct bones ruminants: fibula poorly developed but head fused to tibia, distal epiphysis separate horse: fibula poorly developed, head separate from tibia, distal epiphysis fused
55
tarsus species differences
2 rows, 5-7 bones ruminant: central and T4 fused, T2 T3 separate horse: T1 T2 fused
56
metatarsal species differences
carnivores: MT1 even smaller than MC1 ruminants: MT5 missing, MT 3 4 fused feline: metatarsal much longer than metacarpals
57
digits
horse: distal phalanx (coffin) longer + less rounded carnivores: 1st digit (dewcaw) usually absent, but MAY be present or even double
58
joints
union or junction of 2+ bones arthro = joints fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
59
fibrous joints
bones held together by fibrous tissue no movement often ossify with age (fibrous only when young) eg. suture between skull bones
60
cartilaginous joints
bones held by cartilage slight rocking/gliding movement eg. intervertebral discs, pelvic symphysis, mandibular symphysis
61
synovial joint (diarthrodial) parts
freely moving made of articular cartilage, joint cavity, joint capsule, ligaments articular cartilage: covers ends of bones, cushioning, smooth (reduces friction) joint cavity: space in joint with synovial fluid joint capsule: 2 layers - outer: fibrous tissue membrane inner: synovial membrane, makes fluid synovial fluid: transparent, lubricates joint ligaments: bone to bone - intracapsular: inside joint capsule - extracapsular: outside capsule or forming part of capsule meniscus: cartilaginous pad in stifle joint and in mandibular joint
62
synovial joint types
hinge/ginglymus joint: flex + extend, sagittal plane movement only (eg. elbow) gliding/arthrodial: flex/extend + ad/abduction. rocking movement (eg. carpus). pivot/trochoid: 'no' joint, rotates (eg. only in atlantoaxial joint) ball + socket/spheroidal: all directions (eg. shoulder, hip)
63
anatomical vs common joint names
humeral = shoulder cubital = elbow carpus metacarpophalangeal = fetlock proximal interphalangeal = pastern distal interphalangeal = coffin coxal = hip genual = stifle tarsus = hock
64
joint movement types
flexion: decrease angle (bends) extension: increase angle (straightens) hyperextension: bending increases beyond a straight line (equine fetlock in normal standing position) adduction: towards body abduction: away from body rotation: twisting on axis (eg. rotating wrist) circumduction: only distal end of limb moves (eg. finger circles)
65
joint injuries
luxation (dislocation): one+ segments of joint out of place - usually traumatic: includes stretching/tearing of ligaments - can also have conformational/developmental component subluxation: partial dislocation - usually traumatic sprain = ligaments stretched but joint not discolated strain = tendon/muscle damage from stretching cuts/punctures: loss of synovial fluid and high risk of infection infections: traumatic or blood borne - cause inflammation (arthritis) arthritis: - acute: from trauma/infection usually involves 1 joint (eg. popped knees, traumatic carpitis) - chronic: usually degenerative osteoarthritis. most common type. usually in older animals from chronic repeated stress (eg. hip dysplasia) - common causes: trauma, immune mediated, infectious -> always causes severe lameness
66
joint disease
intervertebral disc disease: degeneration of 1+ discs, causes bulging of fibrous covering OR complete rupture of contents - presses against spinal cord dorsal to disc - usually occurs in thoracolumbar areas - common in chondrodysplastic dogs (daschunds) - cause pain, paralysis, numbness - surgery or cage rest osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD): problem with formation of bone under articular cartilage - cartilage abnormally thickened, can separate - makes partially attached 'saucer-shaped' flap which doesn't reattach and heal because joint moves - flap often torn loose -> floats in joint capsule - flap can grow thanks to synovial fluid nourishing it - usually shoulder (can be in elbow, stifle, hock) - usually giant breeds (presents as puppies) and horses - cause unknown, hereditary - surgery or rest humeroradioulnar dysplasia - OCD one type - ununited anconeal process another type: - ossification failure of center of anconeal process - doesn't fuse with ulna - hereditary in large breed dogs - unstable joint -> osteoarthritis can develop - surgical removal of fragments aseptic necrosis (legg-calve-perthe disease) - spontaneous necrosis of femoral head - unknown cause, very painful - young small breed dogs - surgery hip dysplasia: - multifactorial: combo of hereditary, injury as puppy, obesity, too-rapid growth - acetabulum shallow, femoral head moves too much - causes osteophyte (flattened femoral head) and osteoarthritis - prevention: selective breeding, don't over-feed large puppies, no slippery floors and excessive stairs for puppies - NSAIDs, femoral head osteotomy, or hip replacement patellar luxation: - causes: hereditary in toy breeds, shallow femoral trochlea, medial luxation (cranial cruciate may rupture, some develop secondary arthritis) - surgery or rest rupture of cruciate ligaments of stifle: - usually involves cranial cruciate in dogs - often comes with rupture of medial collateral ligament - joint instability can be demonstrated by 'drawer sign' = ability to slide tibia cranial to femur
67
fractures
simple: skin intact compound: external wound (either bone protrudes or external wound intrudes) comminuted: 2+ pieces. incomplete/greenstick: bends and tears partially (young animals)
68
fracture healing
fix/immobilize - fracture hematoma forms -> osteoblasts invade area and form callus -> calcium deposited, mineralizes callus -> initial healing complete -> months-years of remodeling to restore

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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