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Anatomy & Physiology > Unit 4 - Integumentary > Flashcards

Unit 4 - Integumentary Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

integument functions

A

protection
prevents desiccation (moisture removal)
helps maintain body temp
excretes salt, water, waste
receives sensory info
synthesizes vit D
stored nutrients

*most important = barrier
- maintains internal environment by preventing electrolyte + water loss AND by stopping external toxins from getting in

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2
Q

3 skin layers

A

1) epidermis
2) dermis AKA corium
3) hypodermis AKA subcutaneous

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3
Q

epidermis

A

above basement membrane
- keratinized stratified squamous epithelial cells
- no vessels

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4
Q

dermis

A

tough layer below epi
- dense irregular CT
- vessels

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5
Q

hypodermis

A
  • adipose
  • thermoinsulation + injury protection
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6
Q

cell type: keratinocyte

A

majority of skin cells
- made in basement membrane.
- keratinization: losing nucleus and dying
- sloughed at surface
- keratin makes waterproof

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7
Q

more cell types

A

melanocyte: produce melanin
- all animals have melanocytes, but the melanin produced varies (albinos produce none)
- pigment released in vesicles -> up to keratinocytes -> colour given
- coat colar = presence/absence of melanin granules in keratinocytes + hair.
- sun exposure increases melanin synthesis
- protects from UV
- decreases w/age

langerhans (macrophage)
- phagocytize microinvaders

merkel
- sensory nerve endings
- basal layer of epidermis

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8
Q

hairless epidermis layers

A

1) stratum corneum (horny)
2) stratum lucidum (clear)
3) stratum granulosum (granular)
4) stratum spinosum (spiny)
5) stratum basale (basal)

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9
Q

hairy epidermis

A

1) stratum corneum
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum basale

  • scalelike folds on skin surface where hair grows out of
  • tactile elevations = epidermal papillae
  • tactile hairs = tylotrich
    -> sense of touch
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10
Q

dermis

A

greatest portion of integument (‘the hide’).
- highly fibrous
- dense irregular CT (collagen, elastic, reticular fibers)
- give strength
- can be tanned to make leather

other components:
- hair follicles, nerve endings, glands, smooth muscle, blood vessels, lymphatic channels, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages

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11
Q

dermis layers

A

1) papillary
- thin, superficial
- just below epi
- dermal papillae
- looping vessles
- nerve endings + meissner’s corpuscles (touch)

2) reticular
- majority.
- indistinct boundary b/w papillary
- parallel collagen fiber bundles (make incisions along these lines for faster healing)
- dermal folds AKA flexure lines at joints

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12
Q

hypodermis

A

thick layer
allows skin to move freely over underlying structures
- loose areolar tissue layer w/ adipose, blood + lymph vessels, nerves
- continuous w dermis
- pacinian corpuscles (special type of touch receptor for heavy pressure)

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13
Q

paw pads

A

thick fat + CT covered by thick stratum corneum in form of conical papillae
- shock absorber
- insulates heat/cold
- protects from rough ground
- all 5 layers
- exocrine glands (other than horses, only location of sweat)

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14
Q

ergots + chestnuts

A

dark horny bits on horse legs
- vestiges of digits

chestnuts: medial on each leg at carpus/tarsus

ergots: smaller, hidden under hair on fetlock, caudal

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15
Q

planum nasale/nasolabiale

A
  • usually pigmented
  • aglandular in SAm glandular in sheep + cattle
  • dogs lick nose to keep it moist, cows lick nose to keep it clean (so a runny nose might be a sign a cow is sick!)

planum nasale:
- top of nose in cats, pigs, sheep, dogs
- polygonal plates in dogs

planum nasolabiale:
- cow muzzle
- hairless

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16
Q

cutaneous pouches in sheep

A

infoldings of skin w/hair, sebaceous and oil glands

3 locations:
- infraorbital
- interdigital
- inguinal

fatty smelly yellow secretion dies and sticks to skin

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17
Q

skin injury response

A

PRISH
pain (licking, chewing, scratching)

redness

immobility (loss of function)
- alopecia
- thickening (lichenification)
- wrinkling
- melanosis (pigmentation)

swelling
- edema

heat

  • other things related to exudate: crusting, scabbing, pustules
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18
Q

allergies

A

often manifest as skin issues
eg. recurrent ear/anal sac infection
- dogs chewing at paws
- cats compulsive grooming -> alopecia
- parasitic dermatitis (flea allergy) presents on back, abdomen, and tail

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19
Q

hair

A

essential for survival
- maintains body temp (traps air, dark colors absorb light)
- protection via camouflage

PARTS
1) shaft (visible above skin)
2) root (below skin)
2a. plexus: web of nerve endings around root

3) follicle (invagination of epidermis into dermis + hypo)
3a. hair bulb: deepest part of follicle, expanded into a hollow area
3b. papilla: mound of dermal cells at base of bulb
3c. matrix: dividing epithelial cells covering papilla, nourished by vessels below
* compound follicles = multiple strands from one pore (3 in dogs)

layers:
1) medulla: core
2) cortex: thickest layer, keratin
3) cuticle: thin surface shingle-like layer

  • as cells divide in matrix -> old cells pushed up -> keratinized + die -> makes hair
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20
Q

hair growth

A

anagen = growth
catagen = transition
telogen = resting

telogen = bulb separates from dermis (hair falls out + new growth starts
- telogen effluvium = shedding
- can happen seasonally, due to disease, or hormonal changes (eg. ‘blowing the coat’ in bitches after parturition)

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21
Q

hair colour

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A

melanin made in base of follicle -> transferred to corticol + medullary cells of hair

types of melanin: orange, black/brown, none (albino = white)

22
Q

hair types

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A

1) primary AKA guard
- straight, thicker and longer

2) secondary AKA wool-type
- softer and shorter
- often waxy (lanolin -> waterproofer)

  • compound follicle often guard hair surrounded by wool hair

3) tactile
- sinus, whiskers, intermittently mixed in coat
- feelers, highly innervated follicle.
- stiff

23
Q

arrector pili muscle

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A

smooth muscle at each follicle
- innervated by sympathetic NS
- contration pulls hair erect

24
Q

sweat glands AKA sudoriferous

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A

watery liquid to help cool the body
- all over entire body, but only horses really sweat

1) eccrine/merocrine: empty onto skin surface
2) apocrine: empty into follicles

25
sebaceous glands
in dermis - produce sebum - simple or complex alveolar structure - empty into follicle OR directly into skin (eg. lips, labia, penis, anus, eyelid, ear canal) - hormone sensitive (increase at puberty) - sebum bidning to dead skin cells -> blocked duct opening -> duct ruptures -> releases bacteria into epi/dermis -> inflammation in sheep sebum = lanolin - oily lipid - arrector pili muscle compresses gland -> sebum pushed out of duct into follicle - coats hair and surrounding skin (traps moisture, keeps soft + waterproof, reduces infection risk)
26
tail/chin glands
oval region at base of tail in cats/dogs - large sebaceous glands - coarse, oily hairs - help animals identify each other - more noticeable in males ('stud tail' in cats) - also on chin of cats - cyst prone
27
anal sacs
lined with sebaceous + apocrine sweat glands - expressed when defecating (to mark territory) OR when scared - connected by single duct to lateral of anus - can become blocked anal sac disease: - infection - don't like to sit - lick anal area - scooting - painful defecation - rupture and drain pus if severe - may be sign of allergies - treatment: digital pressure, flush with catheter + warm water, surgical removal possible
28
claws/hooves
traction, climbing, defense, attack *nails differ = only partial coverings
29
clawed mammals
bear most weight on foot pads - retractible in all felids except cheetah - declaw: amputation of P3 on each digit
30
hoofed mammals
bear most of weight on horn ruminants: only digit 3 + 4 weight-bearing - weight-bearing hooves called 'lateral/medial claw' - cow hoof like horse, only no frog + 2 claws horses: only digit 3 bears weight
31
dewclaws
remnants of digits - dogs: remnant of 1st digit. - cow, pig, sheep: lateral AND medial dewclaws (2nd + 5th) - only pigs have bones in dewclaws
32
horse hoof parts
1) hoof wall - equivalent ot fingernail - toe, quarters, and heel regions - thick at toe, thin at heel - vertical lines 'horn tubes' - may have horizontal ridges (period of growth) - grows from coronary band -> down - walls expand during weight-bearing 2) corium - like a modified dermis - underlying sensitive tissue - attached to periosteum of distal phalanx - blood vessels + nerves - divided into: coronary corium + perioplic corium, laminar corium, sole corium, frog corium a. perioplic band: narrow region at proximal border of hoof - equivalent to cuticle - epidermal cells produce external layer of hoof wall b. coronary band AKA coronet - wider band distal to periople - produces middle layer of hoof wall - thick, weight-bearing layer - grows from here -> downward 3) laminae - connects hoof wall to corium (which is bound to P3) - lets hoof wall grow out by sliding over each other - only dermal laminae sensitive 4) sole - bottom of hoof - concave: not weight-bearing, but improves foothold - no nerves/vessels superficially - white line = junction of fool wall + sole 5) frog - triangular structure w/central sulcus (cleft) - cushions heel, reduces slipping, helps pump blood back up leg from corium during weight bearing - digital cushion = thick pad of fat below frog - sulci = valleys b/w edges of frog, must be scraped out w/hoof pick
33
shoeing
prevents excessive expansion of hoof during wight-bearing - improves traction - makes a barrier b/w ground + hoof -> injury protection - combined w/trimming
34
hoof cartilage
lateral + collateral = pair that attach to angles of P3 and extend into the heel just above coronary band - work w/frog + digital cushion to pump blood through foot - frog + digital cushion flatten/widen during weight bearing - puts pressure on walls, bars, and collateral cartilage -pressure forces blood up
35
horse hoof bones
short pastern: P2 navicular: distal sesamoid coffin bone: P3 - covered w/laminar coreum which interdigitate w/laminae of hoof
36
laminitis AKA founder
inflammation of laminae attaching hoof wall to corium - usually front feet, will stand w/front feet out + hind limbs under (adjusting weight) - feel hot to touch, increased digital pulses - cause: diet -> sudden grain increase or fresh spring grass ingested - starch + fructans (from grass) aren't digested in SI and pass to LI -> bacterial overgrowth in LI -> toxins produced and absorbed - swelling trapped by wall -> compression inhibits blood flow to corium -> corium degenerates - wall + corium attachment lost -> pedal bone rotates/sinks within hoof -> pressure on sole/perforation of sole - sole itself may sink.flatten - hoof wall develops ridges and curls up at toe treatment: pain + anti-inflammatory meds - ice: prevents laminae breakdown - shoeing/trimming, feed changes (but takes months) prevention: - limit high carb feed - be careful of sudden introduction to lush pastures - retained placenta from metritis can be complicated by laminitis, monitor feet carefully
37
sandcracks
vertical cracks - named for toe/heel/quarter - begins at solar border = from improper trimming - begins at coronary band = from hoof defect - dry hoofs more vulnerable
38
thrush
degenerating frog - from filth + microorganisms - black necrotic area
39
contracted foot/heels
foot narrower than normal - from lack of frog pressure or improper shod - front feet usually - can cause lameness: 'hoofbound' heels: - heels drawn in, bars almost parallel to frog -> frog reduced
40
navicular disease
chronic degenerative navicular - older horses - usually front feet - trauma of racing + defective shoeing contribute - begins w/cartilage loss + bursa inflammation - common cause of 'heel pain lameness'
41
bruised sole
direct injury from stones/irregular ground - poor shoeing predisposes - could cause lameness
42
bovine foot rot
inflamed interdigital space + coronary region - caused by microorganisms - signs: smell, redness, swelling, discharge - responsive to antibiotics
43
bovine interdigital dermatitis AKA slurry heel
infection of heel bulb + interdigital skin - lameness rare - treat w/coppertox (topical disinfectant)
44
bovine interdigital fibroma AKA corns
proliferation of tissue of interdigital cleft - associated w/foot rot + interdigital dermatitis - mass of CT projects between claws - walking painful as corn increases
45
bovine overgrown hoof
long hoof wall (usually lateral claw) - base narrow conformation - lateral wall curls under sole - toe long
46
bovine hoof wall fissures
vertical/horizontal - if found in one claw, check opposite foot too - vertical (sandcracks) = overgrown claw -> abnormal weight bearing -> possible laminitis (more likely in dry weather) - horizontal (thimbling) = mature dairy cattle following laminitis, usually affects all 8 claws
47
bovine laminitis
same as horse, but only mild pain - necrotic toe lesions result
48
bovine ulcerations of the sole
- common in dairy - front feet of bulls - rear feet of cows - ulcers in the sole -> lameness
49
horn
bony growth w/epidermal covering - similar to hoof: corium binds keratin tubules bound to periosteum of underlying bony core - become hollow ~6 months - male + female - usually permanent + grow continuously - pronghorn antelopes: only species to shed horns annually polled = no horns in a species that normally has horns - polled breeds: bred to have no horns
50
antlers
typically only males - shed annually - bony growth nourished by velvet outer - CT ring forms like tourniquet around base once fully grown -> makes velvet slough -> antler hardens - late fall/winter the bony base connecting to skull weakens -> falls off - antler harvest = painful

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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