Endocrine

Question 1

What is diencephalon

Answer 1

Central part of cerebrum located above the brainstem containing thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 2

Hypothalamus is connected to

Answer 2

Pituitary gland by infundibulum

Question 3

Where is the pituitary gland located

Answer 3

sits within the pituitary fossa
of sphenoid bone

Question 4

Where is the pituitary fossa located at

Answer 4

sella turcica of sphenoid bone

Question 5

What structure is immediately above pituitary gland

Answer 5

Optic chiasm

Question 6

Name A-C

Answer 6

A- optic chiasm
B- infundibulum
C- pituitary gland

Question 7

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes

Answer 7

ACTH
GH
TSH
FSH
LH
prolactin

Question 8

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland secretes

Answer 8

ADH
Oxytocin

Question 9

Name A-G

Answer 9

A- oculomotor nerve
B- trochlear nerve
C- CN V1
D- CN V2
E- Abducens nerve
G- Internal carotid artery

Question 10

Name A-E

Answer 10

A- pars tuberalis
B- pars distalis
C- pars intermedia
D- pars nervosa
E- Optic chiasm

Question 11

The cranial cavity is lined by

Answer 11

Dura mata

Question 12

What are the 2 special parts of dura mata

Answer 12

Diaphragma sella
Tentorium cerebelli

Question 13

What is diaphragm sella

Answer 13

tough sheet of dura mata forming roof (diaphragm) over pituitary fossa

Question 14

What is tentorium cerebelli

Answer 14

sheet of dura mata that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes (covers the top of cerebellum)

Question 15

What are the dural venous sinuses

Answer 15

Venous channels within the dura matar that drains into the internal jugular veins

Question 16

Example of a dural venous sinus

Answer 16

Cavernous sinus

Question 17

What vein drains into cavernous sinuses

Answer 17

superior and inferior ophthalmic vein

Question 18

Where does cavernous sinus drain to

Answer 18

internal petrosal sinuses then eventually internal jugular vein

Question 19

Where are the cavernous sinuses located at

Answer 19

Either side of sella turcica

Question 20

What are the other structures in cavernous sinus

Answer 20

Internal carotid artery
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
CN V1
CN V2
Abducens nerve

Question 21

Where do the internal jugular veins exit the cranium

Answer 21

Jugular foramen

Question 22

Name A-C

Answer 22

A- anterior intercavernous sinus
B- cavernous sinus
C- internal jugular veins exiting at jugular foramen

Question 23

What are the ways of surgical access to pituitary fossa

Answer 23

Transcranial
Transsphenoidal

Question 24

Describe transsphenoidal surgery

Answer 24

Gets to the pituitary gland via nasal cavity and sphenoidal sinus
Requires surgical fracture of the nasal septum and floor, and roof of sphenoid sinuses

Question 25

There are different ways of surgical fractures for transsphenoidal surgery. Which one allows better access in complicated cases

Answer 25

Le fort I

Question 26

What happens if oculomotor nerve is damaged due to pituitary gland enlargement

Answer 26

Unable to move eyes in several directions except abduction and inferiorly + laterally Ptosis Dilated pupil (because oculomotor nerve provides parasympathetic fibres to sphincter pupillae muscle in iris)

Question 27

What happens if trigeminal nerve is damaged due to pituitary gland enlargement

Answer 27

Parasthesia of face Difficulty masticating

Question 28

What are the fascial compartments of the neck

Answer 28

Superficial fascia Investing fascia Prevertebral fascia Carotid sheath Pretracheal fascia

Question 29

What structure is within the superficial fascia of neck (immediately deep to skin)

Answer 29

Platysma muscle

Question 30

Innervation of platysma muscle

Answer 30

CN VII (it is muscle of facial expression)

Question 31

What does the carotid sheath contain

Answer 31

Common carotid artery Vagus nerve Internal jugular vein Deep cervical lymph nodes

Question 32

What structures are the the pre tracheal fascia

Answer 32

Thyroid gland Trachea Oesophagus Strap muscles (external larynx muscles) Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 33

Innervation of the strap muscles

Answer 33

ansa cervicalis of the cervical plexus from C1-C3 EXCEPT thyrohyoid Thyrohyoid - C1

Question 34

During development, where was the thyroid gland located at and how does it end up at the current position

Answer 34

1. At 4th week of development, it begins as midline proliferation between anterior and posterior tongue = foramen caecum = origin of thyroid gland 2. migrates inferiorly via thyroglossal duct 3. reaches its final position in the 7th week of development 4. the thyroglossal duct will regress in most people 5. by 12 weeks, the thyroid gland can start iodine uptake and respond to TSH

Question 35

What happens if thyroglossal duct did not regress

Answer 35

Thyroglossal cysts may form

Question 36

What happens if thyroid gland fails to develop

Answer 36

congenital hypothyroidism

Question 37

What is the part of thyroid gland between the 2 lobes called

Answer 37

isthmus of thyroid gland

Question 38

What structures are located at the posterior surface of thyroid gland

Answer 38

4 Parathyroid glands

Question 38

Where is the isthmus located at

Answer 38

anterior to 2nd or 3rd tracheal cartilage

Question 39

What is a pyramidal lobe

Answer 39

Remnant of thyroglossal duct

Question 40

Which lobe does pyramidal lobe usually originate from

Answer 40

Left lobe

Question 41

Name A-F

Answer 41

A- right carotid sheath B- pre tracheal fascia C- trachea D- parathyroid gland E- recurrent laryngeal nerves F- oesophagus

Question 42

What is the blood supply to thyroid gland

Answer 42

Superior thyroid artery Inferior thyroid artery

Question 43

Inferior thyroid artery arise from

Answer 43

Thyrocervical trunk - branch from subclavian artery

Question 44

Name A-E

Answer 44

A- external carotid artery B- superior thyroid artery C- inferior thyroid artery D- thyrocervical trunk E- right subclavian artery

Question 45

What veins drain the thyroid gland

Answer 45

superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins

Question 46

Where do the thyroid veins drain into

Answer 46

Superior and middle - internal jugular vein Inferior - brachiocephalic vein

Question 47

Where does the lymph from thyroid gland drain into

Answer 47

paratracheal and deep cervical nodes

Question 48

Name A-C

Answer 48

A- superior deep cervical lymph nodes B- inferior deep cervical lymph nodes C- Pretracheal node (red) Paratracheal node (green)

Question 49

Lymph from the right side drains into

Answer 49

Right lymphatic duct -> right venous angle

Question 50

Lymph from the left side drains into

Answer 50

thoracic duct -> left venous angle