Endocrine Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Adrenal Glands
A
Regulate electrolyte levels, influence metabolism, respond to stress
2
Q
Gonads
A
Testicles and ovaries
Regulate development and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics
3
Q
Pancreatic Islets
A
Control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism
4
Q
Parathyroid Gland
A
Regulate calcium levels
5
Q
Pineal Gland
A
Influences sleep-wakefulness cycle
6
Q
Pituitary Gland
A
Secretes hormones that control activity of other endocrine glands
7
Q
Thymus
A
Plays major role in immune reaction
8
Q
Thyroid Gland
A
Stimulates metabolism, growth, and activity of nervous system
9
Q
DI
A
Diabetes insipidus
10
Q
DM
A
Diabetes mellitus
11
Q
DR, DRP
A
Diabetic retinopathy
12
Q
FBS
A
Fasting blood sugar
13
Q
FA
A
Fructosamine test
14
Q
GD
A
Graves’ disease
15
Q
HG
A
Hypoglycemia
16
Q
LEP, LPT
A
Leptin
17
Q
PC, PCC, Pheo
A
Pheochromocytoma
18
Q
Polydipsia
A
excessive thirst
19
Q
Polyphagia
A
excessive hunger
20
Q
Polyuria
A
excessive urination
21
Q
Diabetes mellitus
A
Group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia
22
Q
Diabetes insipidus
A
Caused by insufficient production of antidiuretic hormone or by inability of kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
Causes extreme polydipsia and polyuria
23
Q
Addison’s disease
A
Adrenal glands do not produce enough of cortisol or aldosterone
24
Q
Cushing’s syndrome
A
Caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
Rounded or moon face
25
Acromegaly
abnormal enlargement of extremities
26
Gigantism
abnormal growth of entire body
27
Hashimoto’s thryoiditis
Autoimmune disease in which body’s own antibodies attack & destroy cells of thyroid gland
28
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism
| Characterized by goiter
29
Goiter
Abnormal nonmalignant enlargement of thyroid gland
| Swelling in front of neck
30
Diabetes type 1
Autoimmune (body attacks itself)
| Beta cells of pancreas destroyed
31
Diabetes type 2
Insulin resistance
| Insulin deficient
32
Gestational
Develops during pregnancy
33
Metformin MOA
Decrease hepatic glucose production
Decreases intestinal absorption of glucose
Increasing peripheral glucose uptake & metabolism
34
Metformin indications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
PCOS
Antipsychotic-induced weight gain
35
Metformin adverse effects
Diarrhea, vomiting, weight loss
36
Metformin key facts
Temporarily withhold in patients undergoing radiologic procedures that utilize iodinated contrast
37
Metformin counseling
Discontinue immediately if have symptoms of lactic acidosis
38
Sitagliptin MOA
Increases glucose-dependent insulin secretion
Decreases glucagon secretion
Decreases hepatic glucose production
39
Sitagliptin indications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
40
Sitagliptin adverse effects
Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, nasopharyngitis
41
Sitagliptin counseling
Discontinue immediately if experience unexplained persistent nausea and vomiting
42
Insulin MOA
Lowers blood glucose
43
Insulin indications
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Hyperkalemia
Diabetic ketoacidosis
44
Insulin adverse effects
Hypoglycemia, weight gain
45
Insulin counseling
Rotate injection site (prevent lipodystrophy)
Insulin requirements will increase during times of stress (physical sickness and emotional stress)
Treatment of hypoglycemia
Mild: treat with oral glucose or simple carbohydrates
Can be stored at room temperature
46
Glipizide MOA
Lowers blood glucose
47
Glipizide indications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
48
Glipizide adverse effects
Hypoglycemia
49
Glipizide counseling
Always eat after taking medication
Monitor blood glucose as directed
Be aware of signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia
50
Glipizide
Sulfonylureas
51
Pioglitazone
Thiazolinediones
52
Pioglitazone MOA
Increase insulin sensitivity
53
Pioglitazone indications
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
54
Pioglitazone adverse effects
Weight gain, edema, hypoglycemia (when used with insulin or other oral antidiabetic drugs that can cause hypoglycemia)
55
Pioglitazone contraindications
```
NYHA class III and IV heart failure
Active liver disease
```
56
Pioglitazone counseling
Report signs of liver dysfunction and/or shortness of breath immediately
57
Alendronate
Biphosphonates
58
Alendronate MOA
Inhibits osteoclastic-mediated bone resorption
59
Alendronate indications
Osteoporosis
| Paget’s disease
60
Alendronate adverse effects
Abdominal pain, dyspepsia, nausea, hypocalcaemia
61
Alendronate key facts
Take at least 30 minutes before first food or beverage of day
Take with 6 – 8 oz. plain water only
Do not lie down for 30 minutes after taking
Do not chew or crush
Notify healthcare provider if new symptoms of heartburn, difficulty or pain on swallowing develop
62
Alendronate counseling
Osteonecrosis of jaw has been observed
63
Calcitonin
Calcitonin-Salmon
64
Calcitonin MOA
Directly inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption
Decreases renal tubular resorption of calcium, phosphate, sodium, magnesium, and potassium
Increase jejunal secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride
65
Calcitonin indications
Osteoporosis
Paget’s disease
Hypercalcemia
66
Calcitonin adverse effects
Allergic reactions, nasal mucosal alterations, rhinitis
67
Calcitonin key facts
Usually used when bisphosphonates are not tolerated
68
Calcitonin counseling
Prime pump when using new bottle
Allow it to be at room temperature before use
Store unassembled bottles in refrigerator
Once pump activated, store at room temperature for up to 35 days
69
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone
Glucocorticoids
70
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone MOA
Inhibit cytokines that mediate inflammatory responses
Suppress migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Decrease capillary permeability
71
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone indications
Multiple inflammatory conditions
72
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone adverse effects
Gastrointestinal irritation, increased appetite, nervousness/restlessness, weight gain, acne, glucose intolerance (transient), lipid abnormalities (transient)
73
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone contraindications
Systemic fungal infections
| Administration of concomitant live vaccines
74
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone key points
Too rapid withdrawal of therapy especially with prolonged use can cause acute, possibly life threatening adrenal insufficiency
75
Methylprednisolone and Prednisone counseling
Take oral tablets in morning with food
76
Levothyroxine Sodium
Thyroid Hormones
77
Levothyroxine Sodium MOA
Synthetic T4
78
Levothyroxine Sodium indications
Hypothyroidism
79
Levothyroxine Sodium adverse effects
Fatigue, increased appetite, weight loss, heat intolerance
80
Levothyroxine Sodium key facts
T3 and T4 blood concentrations obtained every 6 – 8 weeks initially, then every 6 – 12 months until stable and annually thereafter
81
Levothyroxine Sodium counseling
Take on empty stomach in the morning at least 30 minutes prior to eating
Report any signs or symptoms of thyroid hormone toxicity
