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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What two pathways does the hypothalamus work via?

A

using neurosecretion or the ANS

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2
Q

Neurosecretion by the hypothalamus results from what?

A

hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulate the anterior pituitary or direct innervation of the posterior pituitary

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3
Q

The ANS works via

A

the Hypothalamus stimulating the adrenal medulla or direct innervation of an endocrine gland

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4
Q

Steroids are produced on ___

A

demand

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5
Q

Hormones are found in ___ concentrations so the receptors have ____ affinity to be activated

A

low concentrations, high affinity

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6
Q

Does the messenger secreted have to work also via a feedback mechanism

A

no, it can but does not have to

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7
Q

Endocrine function can be subject to modification by external factors? True or False

A

TRUE

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8
Q

Water soluble hormones are transported dissolved in plasma (True or False)

A

TRUE

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9
Q

Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones are dissolved in plasma (True or False)

A

FALSE

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10
Q

Steroid and thyroid hormones are transported while bound to proteins? (True or False)

A

TRUE

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11
Q

What is the most common way to measure hormones in the body

A

ELISA

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12
Q

what is the function of Leptin

A

controls appetite and metabolic rate

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13
Q

What produces leptin

A

the adrenal cortex

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14
Q

where is cortisol produced

A

the adrenal cortex

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15
Q

where is CRH secreted from

A

the hypothalamus

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16
Q

what does CRH stimulate the secretion of

A

ACTH

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17
Q

What does GHRH stimulate the secretion of

A

GH

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18
Q

what is the function of SS (somatostatin)

A

provides negative feedback on hormone secretion

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19
Q

what does GnRH stimulate the secretion of?

A

LH and FSH

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20
Q

what does DA stimulate the secretion of?

A

PRL (prolactin)

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21
Q

what is the function of IGF-1

A

secreted by the liver and controls cell division and growth of bone

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22
Q

Insulin, glucagon, and SS are secreted by what to control organic metabolism

A

the pancreas

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23
Q

PTH is secreted by the ____ and controls the levels of what two ions?

A

parathyroid glands to control calcium and plasma levels

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24
Q

Melatonin is secreted by the ____ gland and controls what?

A

pineal gland and controls natural body rhythms

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25
GH (somatropin) is secreted by the ____
anterior pituitary
26
TSH (Thyrotropin) is secreted by the
thyroid gland
27
ACTH (corticotropin) is secreted by the
adrenal cortex
28
T4 (Thyroxine) is secreted by the ___ and has major effects on ___ and the ____
thyroid, metabolism and brain
29
T3 (Triiodothyonine) is secreted by the ___ and has major effects on the ___ and the ___
thyroid, metabolism and brain
30
The hypothalamus is a site of ____ and ____ of many basic functions
regulation and integration
31
All releasing factors are peptides except ___ which is a ____
DA, catecholamine
32
GH causes tissue to secrete ____ and causes what two things?
insulin-like growth factor, protein synthesis, and anti-insulin effects
33
GH will increase ____ movement for energy use
Fatty acids
34
GH works via what receptors to increase the effects of ___ and ___
beta-3 adrenergic receptors to increase the effects of epinephrine and lipolysis
35
GH secretion is at its highest during what two points?
strenuous exercise and deep sleep
36
What is the function of Somatomedin C?
prolongs the half-life of GH
37
Control of hormones by the hypothalamus balances upon what?
positive and negative feedback
38
GH and IGFs stimulate the hypothalamus to increase what to inhibit the anterior pituitary
somatostatin (SS)
39
Lack of thyroid will (increase/decrease) metabolism
decrease
40
The thyroid gland is composed of what glands
cuboidal epithelial
41
C cells secrete
calcitonin
42
T3 is (more/less) potent than T4 and has a (longer/shorter) half life
more, shorter
43
Why does it take a while to notice thyroid deficiencies?
the thyroid has a two to three month store of iodinated thyroglobulin
44
why is there a latency in response to exogenous T4
due to the binding to plasma and tissue proteins
45
does T3 or T4 have greater affinity for receptors
T3
46
Thyroid hormones make cells more leaky to what?
Na+
47
What do the thyroid hormones do to the body?
increase carb and fat metabolism, increases vitamin use, D2, and ventilation demand, as well as an increase in rate of glucocorticoid inactivation
48
what competes for the iodine pump
thiocyanate
49
what prevents iodination
propythiouracil
50
what are the primary secretors of PTH?
Chief cells
51
PTH increases ___ reabsorption in the kidneys and breakdown of __ to put ___ in the blood
Calcium, bone, calcium
52
PTH secretion is majorly stimulated or inhibited by what levels?
Calcium levels in the blood
53
Calcitonin ___ osteoclast activity
decreases
54
PTH is ____ important than calcitonin on calcium regulation
more
55
Adrenal glands sit atop what organ
kidneys
56
the ____ ____ ____ expresses Aldosterone
outer zona glomerulosa
57
aldosterone is very potent in what aspect?
sodium retention
58
ADH from the ___ ___ can trigger the secretion of ___
posterior pituitary, cortisol (putting $ on this Question)
59
Cortisol secretion primarily occurs from ___ and ____
CRH and ACTH
60
Is insulin an effective measure against adrenal diabetes?
NO, with adrenal diabetes the body is resistant to insulin!! (another test Q)
61
What secretes somatostatin?
the islets of langerhans
62
the pancrease and thymus respond to ___ ____ not hormone secretion
blood concentrations
63
Insulin works via what mechanism
three
64
insulin works on the body by doing what five things?
increase glucose transport, protein synthesis, fat synthesis, glucose synthesis, and gene expression
65
does insulin have an effect on neurons
no
66
beta cells have insulin independent ____ cells
GLUT 2
67
an increase in ___ will increase ATP which closes ___ channels to depolarize the cell where ___ opens to act as a secondary messenger for glucose
ATP, K+, Ca2+
68
SS and norepinephrine inhibit ___ secretion
insulin
69
Some stimuli only work with glucose present at a threshold of ____ mg%
100 mg%
70
What drug stimulates cells to increase insulin release
sulfonylureas
71
how do sulfonylureas function
they block ATP sensitive K channels
72
Insulin inhibits hormone sensitive lipase which normally does what?
breakdown triglycerides to release Fatty Acids
73
What would happen if we remove the pancreas
blood glucose soars, free fatty acids rapidly increase and acetoacetic acid will continuously rise
74
Insulin promotes the use of ___ over ___
carbs over fats
75
Fasting blood glucose is ___ in diabetics
high
76
what are is caused from metabolic syndrome
insulin resistance, visceral obesity, high triglycerides, hypertension, and low HDL
77
What drugs will inhibit altered malonyl COA/AMPK to decrease metabolic syndrome
Adiponectin, Leptin, TZD's, and metformin
78
an A1C at or below 7% correlates to a blood sugar level below what?
150mg%

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