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Respiratory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the gas law?

A

(P1V1)/T1 = (P2V2)/V2

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2
Q

What is Boyle’s Law?

A

P1V1=P2V2

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3
Q

Atmosphere pressure is due to the effect of what on the gasses?

A

gravity

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4
Q

what is normal pressure of gas on Earth?

A

760mmHg=1atmosphere of pressure

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5
Q

What effect does Nitrogen have under normal pressure?

A

no effect

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6
Q

what can happen to Nitrogen that we breath under pressurized conditions?

A

the Nitrogen can be forced into solution

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7
Q

What is the formula of partial pressure?

A

concentration of dissolved gas/solubility coefficient

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8
Q

Oxygen and CO2 are lipid soluble…True or False?

A

True!

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9
Q

Are cell membranes able to block O2 and CO2?

A

No

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10
Q

What is the function of nasal hairs?

A

filter inhaled air along with warming and humidifying

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11
Q

What are airways covered with?

A

pseudostratified, ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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12
Q

In cold weather blood flow is ____ to the respiratory mucosa

A

Increased

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13
Q

What can we use to open a constricted airway?

A

beta two adrenergic agonist

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14
Q

What does cystic fibrosis inhibit?

A

transport of chloride across membranes which affects exocrine secretions

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15
Q

What blocks the trachea when eating?

A

the epiglottis

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16
Q

Where does actual gas exchange in the lungs occur?

A

alveolar ducts

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17
Q

How many lobes does the right lung have? How many does the left lung have?

A

Right has three and the left has two

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18
Q

what type of muscle controls the diameter of the alveoli?

A

smooth muscle

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19
Q

What cells are optimized for gas diffusion?

A

Type 1 simple squamous cells

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20
Q

What are type 2 simple squamous cells for?

A

secreting surfactant

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21
Q

what is the function of surfactant in the alveoli?

A

decreases surface tension of the water which would otherwise collapse the thin delicate alveoli

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22
Q

What removes fluid from the lungs?

A

lymphatic system

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23
Q

What holds the two pleura together?

A

a thin film of fluid

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24
Q

What is ventilation?

A

exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by bulk flow

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25
What determines flow?
difference between the alveoli and atmosphere pressure (Palv-Patm)
26
What determines transpulmonary pressure?
Palv-Pip
27
What determines chest wall pressure
Pip-Patm
28
What determines Respiratory system pressure
Palv-Patm
29
What is transpulmonary pressure?
pressure holding lungs open
30
what is chest wall pressure?
pressur holding chest wall in
31
What is respiratory system pressure?
pressure difference across entire respiratory system
32
What is the typical value of Pip (Interplueral pressure)?
-4 to -7
33
What is pneumothorax?
lung collapse and expansion of chest wall
34
An increase in compliance would make it easier or harder to fill?
easier
35
An decrease in compliance would make it easier or harder to fill?
harder
36
What is respiratory distress syndrome?
leading cause of death in premature babies due to not producing surfactant yet
37
What is the equation for flow?
pressure difference/Resistance
38
Can Residual volume be measured using a spirometer?
no, you cannot totally empty your lungs
39
What is the typical value for tidal volume?
500ml
40
what is tidal volume?
amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath while relaxed
41
what is inspiratory reserve volume
amount of air that can be inhaled with maximum effort
42
what is expiratory reserve volume
maximum amount of air that can be exhaled
43
what is residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
44
what is the typical value for residual volume
about one liter
45
what is vital capacity
amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration
46
what does vital capacity asses?
strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function
47
what is inspiratory capacity?
maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration
48
what is functional residual capacity?
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration
49
what is total lung capacity?
maximum amount of air the lungs can contain
50
How can you find minute ventilation?
tidal volume * frequency
51
how can you find anatomic dead space?
150*frequency
52
how can you find alveolar ventilation
minute ventilation-anatomic dead space
53
What keeps pulmonary interpleural pressure negative?
the lymphatic system
54
When standing at rest there is ____ flow of blood at the top of the lungs compared to the bottom
little
55
Chronically damaged lymphatic system can cause drainage to increase by how much?
ten times
56
Why is there an increase in oxygen concentration and CO2 decreases from the blood levels to expired air?
this is due to the mixing of alveolar air with the dead space air before exhalation
57
The slow rate of replacement in alveolar air functions to do what?
buffer against sudden changes in blood gas concentration
58
What is the ventilation-Perfusion ratio?
Ratio of O2 reaching alveoli (V)/Ratio of blood reaching alveoli (Q)
59
What does it mean by shunted blood?
blood not exchanged with normal alveolar air
60
The blood only needs to travel _____ of the length of a pulmonary capillary to equilibrate with the alveolar PO2
3-Jan
61
What does the high solubility coefficient for CO2 mean?
it can diffuse much faster than O2
62
What can shift the O2-Hb dissociation curve to the right? (thus a decrease in O2 delivery)
increased metabolism, hypoxia, high acidity, inc. temperature, and increase in DPG
63
Why would a baby (in the womb) have an O2-Hb dissociation curve farther to the left than the mother?
because the baby has a higher affinity for oxygen
64
What converts CO2 to bicarbonate?
carbonic anhydrase
65
note that only a ____ fraction of the CO2 is released in the lungs
small
66
what is the Bohr effect?
increase release of O2 with and increase in CO2 pressures in tissues
67
what is the Haldane effect?
the binding of O2 in the lungs at relatively high O2 pressure levels decrease the CO2 content of the blood...so enhancing its release
68
what causes the Haldane effect?
due to the binding of O2 making Hb a stronger acid which decreases tendency to increase H+ which tends to force the formation of carbonic acid to reverse and release CO2
69
The ___ adjusts ventilation to match demand
CNS
70
the dorsal respiratory group is responsible for what?
inspiration
71
the ventral respiratory group influences what?
expiration/increase ventilation overall during exercise
72
The pneumotaxic center is for what?
rate/frequency and depth of ventilation
73
What is the Hering-Breuer Reflex?
Stretch receptors in the walls of the airways that signal the DRG, via the vagus, of overinflation in the lungs
74
Can protons cross the BBB?
No
75
Increase in CO2 pressures has what kind of effect on respiration?
increase respiration and decrease pH
76
What does a decrease in Arterial PO2 cause?
increase firing of chemoreceptors, increase in contractions and then an increase in ventilation
77
what is caused from an increase in non-CO2 acids?
increase in H ions, increase in chemoreceptor firing, an increase in contractions and an increase in ventilation
78
what does an increase in PCO2 levels in the arteries cause?
increase in H ions, increase in brain extracellular fluid, which increases firing of chemoreceptors, which increases contractions and ventilation
79
What is periodic breathing?
when gas concentrations are out of sync to each other and the person will alternate periods of deep breathing with shallow or no breathing.
80
What are common causes of Sleep apnea?
older, obese, or people with abnormal anatomy...can be treated with surgery or CPAP
81
Asthma is a ____ condition...(constrictive or obstructive)
obstructive

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