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GI Flashcards

(98 cards)

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1
Q

Serous membrane which surrounds abdominal organs

A

Peritoneum

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2
Q

Name the different parts of the peritoneum

A
  • Parietal layer
  • Visceral layer
  • Peritoneum cavity
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3
Q

Where does the parietal layer attach to?

A

abdominal wall

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4
Q

Where does the visceral layer attach to?

A

organs called serosa

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5
Q

Accumulation of fluid to peritoneal cavity

A

ascites

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6
Q

Bonds organs to each other and to the walls of the abdominal cavity

A

folds of the peritoneum

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7
Q

Name the layers of the GI tract

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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8
Q

What contains blood and lymph vessels which are the routes by which nutrients absorbed into the GI tract reach other tissues of the body?

A

areolar connective tissue

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9
Q

Contains areolar connective tissue, mucosa associated lymphatic tissue, and muscularis mucosae

A

lamina propria

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10
Q

Thin layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis mucosae

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11
Q

Areolar connective tissue that binds mucosa to muscularis

A

submucosa

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12
Q

Located inferior and anterior to ears; between skin and masseter muscle

A

parotid glands

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13
Q

Located beneath base of tongue in posterior floor of mouth

A

submandibular glands

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14
Q

Located superior to submandibular glands

A

sublingual glands

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15
Q

Collapsible muscular tube that lies posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

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16
Q

Controls the passage of food into the esophagus

A

upper esophageal sphincter

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17
Q

Controls passage of food into stomach

A

lower esophageal sphincter

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18
Q

Surrounds the superior opening of stomach

A

cardia

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19
Q

Rounded region superior and to the left of the cardia

A

fundus

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20
Q

Region that connects to the duodenum

A

pylorus

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21
Q

Controls passage of chyme into duodenum

A

pyloric sphincter

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22
Q

Large folds that are present when stomach is empty

A

rugae of mucosa

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23
Q

Name the regions of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
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24
Q

Controls passage of chyme into large intestine

A

ileocecal sphincter

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25
About 5 feet longs and attached to posterior abdominal wall by mesocolon
large intestine
26
The internal sphincter contains _______ muscle and has __________ control
smooth; involuntary
27
The external sphincter contains _______ muscle and has __________ control
skeletal; voluntary
28
Opening of common bile duct merges with pancreatic duct and opens into duodenum
hepatopancreatic ampulla
29
Covered by visceral peritoneum with underlying dense irregular connective tissue
liver
30
Stimulates enteric nervous system, which increases most GI activity
PNS (vagus nerve)
31
Inhibits GI activity, mostly by inhibiting enteric nervous system
SNS
32
- Innervates structures in the submucosa - Controls secretion of glands - Controls vasoconstriction of blood vessels
submucosal plexus
33
Innervates muscularis
myenteric plexus
34
Digestive enzyme that acts on triglycerides
lingual lipase
35
Digestive enzyme that acts on starches (carbs)
salivary amylase
36
Secreted type of antibody that prevents attachment of microbes so they cannot penetrate epithelium
immunoglobulin A
37
Lyses bacteria
bacterial lysozyme
38
Salivation controlled by _____
ANS
39
What stimulates salivation?
PNS
40
What inhibits salivation?
SNS
41
Where does food begin to dissovle?
in saliva
42
In the stomach, the bolus of food is reduced to a liquid substance called _____
chyme
43
What activates pepsin?
activation of pepsinogen by HCl
44
Digests proteins
pepsin
45
Digests fats
- lingual lipase | - gastric lipase
46
Secretes mucus that forms a protective coating that prevents digestion of stomach wall
mucous cells
47
Secretes HCl
Parietal cells
48
Secretes intrinsic factor
parietal cells
49
Secretes pepsinogen
chief cells
50
Proteolytic enzyme that breaks peptide bonds
pepsin
51
Secretes the hormone gastrin into blood stream
G cells
52
Increases activity of stomach by stimulating parietal, chief, and ECL cells, increasing motility of stomach, and relaxing pyloric sphincter
gastrin
53
Secretes somatostatin which inhibits H+ secretion by parietal cells
D cells
54
Secretes histamine which stimulates H+ secretion by parietal cells
ECL cells
55
What forms the brush border?
absorptive cells lining the villus that have microvilli
56
Most digestion and absorption occur in ______ intestine (specifically in the __________)
small; duodenum
57
Contains Brunner's glands which secrete alkaline mucus with NaHCO3 that helps to neutralize gastric acid in chyme
submucosa of duodenum
58
Digests maltose into glucose + glucose
maltase
59
Digests sucrose into glucose + fructose
sucrase
60
Digests lactose into glucose + galactose
lactase
61
Breaks down destrins into glucose
alpha-dextrinase
62
Digests proteins in small intestine
aminopeptidase
63
Digests dipeptides into amino acids in small intestine
dipeptidase
64
Digests nucleic acids in small intestine
nucleosidases
65
Activates trypsinogen into trypsin which digests proteins
enterokinase
66
Secrete mucus in small intestine
goblet cells
67
Secrete secretin in small intestine
S cells
68
Secrete CCK
CCK cells
69
Secrete GIP which induces insulin secretion from pancrease
K cells
70
Secrete GLP-1
L cells
71
- Found in deepest parts of intestinal glands - Secrete lysozyme and bactericidal enzyme - Phagocytic properties
Paneth cells
72
What is second source of bicarbonate next to Brunner's gland?
pancreatic juice
73
- Buffers acidic gastric juice in chyme - Inactivates pepsin - Creates proper pH for action of digestive enzymes in duodenum
NaHCO3
74
Carbohydrate digesting enzyme in pacreas
pancreatic amylase
75
Triglyceride digesting enzyme in pancres
pancreatic lipase
76
Protein digesting enzymes in pancres
- trypsin - chymotrypsin - carboxypeptidase - elastase
77
Nucleic acids digesting enzymes in pancreas
- ribonuclease | - deoxyribonuclease
78
Instead of capillaries, liver contains ______
sinusoids
79
Delivers oxygenated blood to liver
branch of hepatic artery
80
Delivers deoxygenated blood rich in newly absorbed nutrients from GI tract to liver
branch of hepatic portal vein
81
What secretes bile?
hepatocytes
82
Breakdown of large lipid globules into small droplets
emulsification
83
What forms micelles?
bile
84
Ferry lipids to wall of GIT for absorption
micelles
85
Enhance secretion of bile from liver and gallbladder
CCK and Secretin
86
Stimulates production of bile by liver
PNS
87
Most bile salts that enter duodenum are reabsorbed in ______
ileum
88
Chylomicrons are _______
lipoproteins
89
Spherical particles with an outer shell of apoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol molecules surrounding inner core of triglycerides
chylomicrons
90
What is the function of chylomicrons?
to transport triglycerides from the small intestine to various tissues
91
What happens to chylomicron once it enters blood circulation via lymphatic vessels?
taken to adipose tissue and liver
92
_____ on chylomicron activates endothelial lipoprotein lipase (LPL) located in membrane of endothelial cell
Apo C-2
93
Removes fatty acids from triglycerides in chylomicron
LPL
94
Where are triglycerides resynthesized and stored
adipose cells
95
______ on chylomicron is docking protein recognizing receptor on hepatocyte
Apo E
96
_____ degrades fatty acids into small compounds that can be used for energy or to synthesize other lipids
liver
97
Name the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
98
Name the water soluble vitamins
B12

BSI (7 decks)

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