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Anatomy and Physiology II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

why are the kidneys considered endocrine glands?

A

release erythropoetin for RBC maintenance

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2
Q

how is the pancreas endocrine?

A

alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells- insulin
delta cells- somatostatin

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3
Q

somatostatin aka

A

growth hormone

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4
Q

four hormones produce in anterior pituitary

A

luteinizing hormone, follicle-stim hormone, somatotropin (growth hormone), corticotropin

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5
Q

what 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary release

A

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)- vasopressin and Oxytocin (OT)

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6
Q

vasopressin

A

anti-diuretic; posterior pituitary

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7
Q

why does insulin have to be injected

A

its not a steroid its a protein, would be destroyed by stomach acid

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8
Q

4 “not steroid” hormones

A

amines, proteins, and peptides (amino acids), and glycoprotein (protein and carb)

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9
Q

what are steroids formed from

A

cholesterol

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10
Q

4 examples of steroids

A

estrogens, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol

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11
Q

sequence of steroid hormone action

A

endocrine secrete steroid hormone –> diffuse through target cell membrane to NUCLEUS –> receptor molecule –> bind to DNA make RNA –> RNA into cytoplasm, protein synthesis –> new protein direct hormone effects

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12
Q

sequence of non steroid hormone

A

endocrine secretes non steroid –> body fluid carries to target –> binds to receptor site on MEMBRANE activating G protein –> activates adenylate cyclase molecules in membrane –> converts ATP into cyclic AMP –> AMP activates protein kinases –> these activate protein substrates in cell that change metabolic process –> cell changes produce hormone effects

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13
Q

difference btwn receptor site in steroid vs non steroid

A

steroid receptor on nucleus

non steroid receptor on cell membrane

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14
Q

AMP

A

Adenine MONOphosphate (only one phosphate bc two have detached by ADENYLATE CYCLASE); activates protein kinases

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15
Q

Which phosphate in ATP has most energy

A

terminal (3rd) phosphate

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16
Q

adenylate cyclase

A

in non steroid hormone, coverts ATP to AMP

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17
Q

protein kinases

A

breakdown substrates that have already been broken down; a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation); activated by AMP in non steroid hormone

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18
Q

How is ATP similar to DNA

A

both nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base)

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19
Q

can nervous system stim. glands in endocrine

A

yes

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20
Q

hormone levels

A

fluctuate** make waves because of negative feedback

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21
Q

what kind of hormones from hypothalamus

A

releasing hormone

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22
Q

what kind of hormones from anterior pituitary

A

stimulating hormones

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23
Q

TRH

A

Hypothalamus (thyrotropin releasing hormone)–> Anterior pituitary: TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) –> thyroid

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24
Q

PRF and PIH

A

Hypothalamus: prolactin releasing factor and prolactin release inhibiting hormone –> PRL (prolactin in pituitary) –> Mammary glands

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25
Q

PRL and target

A

prolactin to mammary glands

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26
Q

TSH and target

A

Thyroid stim. hormone to thyroid

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27
Q

CRH

A

Hypothalamus: cortico-tropin releasing hormone–> ACTH in pituitary (adrenocorticotropin hormone) –> adrenal cortex

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28
Q

ACTH and target

A

adrenocorticotropin hormone to adrenal cortex

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29
Q

GNRH

A

Hypothalamus: Gonadotropin releasing hormone –> LH and FSH (leteinizing and follicle stim. hormones in pituitary) –> ovary (FSH) and testes (FSH)

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30
Q

LH and target

A

luteinizing hormone to ovaries

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31
Q

FSH and target

A

follicle stimulating hormone to testes

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32
Q

GHRH and SS

A

Hypothalamus: Growth hormone releasing hormone and somatostatin –> GH (growth hormone in pituitary) –> bone, muscle, adipose

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33
Q

GH and target

A

growth hormone to bone, muscle, adipose

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34
Q

what does thyroid make and why

A

thyroxin to regulate rate of metabolism

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35
Q

stalk of pituitary

A

infundibulum

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36
Q

how many lobes does pituitary gland have

A

2

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37
Q

does pituitary have many BV and why

A

YES, very bloody w/ capillaries and such bc hormones travel through blood

38
Q

where in skull doest the pituitary sit

A

in the sella turcica in the sphenoid bone

39
Q

system of BV that connect pituitary with hypothalamus

A

hypophyseal veins/arteries

40
Q

hypophyseal veins/arteries

A

connect pituitary and hypothalamus

41
Q

growth below or under brain

A

Hypophesis or Pituitary physis

42
Q

what lobe (s) in pituitary have blood supply

A

BOTH

43
Q

hypothalamic control

A

of peripheral endocrine glands may utilize as many as 3 types of hormones; multiple negative feedback controls

44
Q

GH actions

A

stim size and rate of division of body cells, growth of long bones, enhance amino acids through membranes

45
Q

PRL actions

A

secretes milk production after birth; increases effect of LH in males

46
Q

TSH actions

A

controls secretion of hormones from thyroid

47
Q

ACTH actions

A

controls secretion of hormones from adrenal cortex; STRESS HORMONES

48
Q

FSH actions

A

development of egg containing follicles in ovaries; stim follicle cells to secrete estrogen; stim sperm production in males

49
Q

LH (ICSH in males) actions

A

promotes secretion of sex hormones; release egg cells in female

50
Q

ADH actions

A

Anti-diuretic hormone- causes kidneys to reduce water excretion, in high concentration, raises blood pressure

51
Q

OT actions

A

Oxytocin- contracts muscles in uterine wall and those associated with milk secreting glands

52
Q

location of thyroid gland

A

below larynx

53
Q

where are follicular cells located

A

in the thyroid gland

54
Q

calcitonin

A

reservoir for calcium; lowers amount of calcium in blood by inhibiting release of calcium from bones and increasing rate calcium is deposited in bone (TON- tone it down)

55
Q

what controls calcitonin

A

elevated blood calcium ion concentration, digestive hormones

56
Q

what helps calcitonin to inhibit release of calcium from bone increase rate calcium is deposited in bone

A

osteoblasts bc building bone

57
Q

what controls if theres too little calcium in blood

A

parathyroid; raises calcium level

58
Q

what helps chop down skeletal system to increase calcium in blood

A

osteoclasts

59
Q

Grave’s disease

A

autoantibodies against self bind to TSH receptors mimicking TSH actions, overstim thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism); exothalmic goiter

60
Q

hashimoto disease

A

autoantibodies against self attack thyroid cells producing hypothyroidism

61
Q

cretinism

A

stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, MR, low body temp, sluggishness (hypothyroidism)

62
Q

how many are there and where are the parathyroid glands

A

4, embedded in thyroid gland

63
Q

what hormone do parathyroid glands produce

A

PTH- parathyroid hormone

64
Q

main function of parathyroid glands

A

calcium regulation

65
Q

what does PTH do

A

promotes calcium absorption in small intestine; tells kidney to hold onto calcium and keeps it out of urine

66
Q

what makes vitamin D and how

A

liver with presence of kidney and PTH; vitamin D absorbs calcium in intestines *study slide 23

67
Q

3 actions of PTH

A

stim bone release of Ca (osteoclasts), stim kidneys to conserve Ca, stim intestines to absorb Ca

68
Q

hyperparathyroidism cause and symptoms

A

tumor; fatigue, muscle weakness, depression, increase PTH–> more osteoclasts

69
Q

hypoparathyroidism cause and symptoms

A

injury; muscle cramps and seizures, decrease PTH secretion inhibit osteoclasts and decrease calcium concentration

70
Q

where are the adrenal glands

A

on top of kidneys

71
Q

process kidney regulates low bp

A

low bp–> renin –> angiotensinogen –> angiotensin –> angiotensin II= VASOCONSTRICTOR –> aldosterone= Na retaining hormone

72
Q

Aldosterone

A

STEROID; Na retaining hormone to higher bp in kidney; where Na goes, water follows

73
Q

what releases aldosterone

A

adrenal gland

74
Q

cortisol

A

STEROID from adrenal gland; make more sugar and lay off protein synthesis (stress hormones); decreases protein syn., increase fatty acid release, stim. glucose syn. from noncarbs;

75
Q

adrenal androgens

A

supplement sex hormones from gonads; may be converted to estrogens

76
Q

what molecular structures have “house” at end

A

steroids; every Cholesterol module

77
Q

cortisol and aldosterone molecular structures

A

VERY SIMILAR

78
Q

making proteins from non-carbs

A

neoglucogenesis (fats or protein–> glucose)

79
Q

epinephrine/norepinephrine in heart

A

rate/force of contraction increase

80
Q

what in pancreas secrete hormones

A

islet of langerhans–> alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells- insulin
delta cells- somatostatin

81
Q

glucagon

A

from alpha cells in pancreas; stim liver to break down glycogen and convert non-carbs to glucose

82
Q

somatostatin

A

delta cells in pancreas; regulate carbs

83
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver

84
Q

what does pancreas secrete if blood glucose level is too high

A

insulin

85
Q

what does pancreas secrete is blood glucose level is too low

A

glucagon

86
Q

sympathetic NS

A

automatic; don’t control

87
Q

what can cause release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

STRESS –> hypothalamus –> sympathetic impulses –> adrenal medulla –> fight or flight

88
Q

what happens during short term fight or flight from eli/norepinepherine

A

pupils dilate, bp/heart rate increase, blood glucose increase, increase breathing rate

89
Q

long term adjustment or resistance stage caused from?

A

stress –> hypothalamus CRH –> pituitary ACTH –> adrenal cortex cortisol

90
Q

long term adjustment or resistance stage

A

from cortisol: increased blood concentration of amino acids, increase release fatty acids, increased glucose formed from non-carbs

91
Q

why do you produce more glucose in fight or flight?

A

need more energy

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

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