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Anatomy and Physiology II > heart part II > Flashcards

heart part II Flashcards

1
Q

occlusion

A

blockage

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2
Q

ischemia

A

blood deficiency in a breach of coronary artery often due to constriction/blockage from clot

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3
Q

angina pectoris

A

chest pain that accompanies ischemia

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4
Q

myocardial infarction

A

heart attack; death to portion of heart due to ischemia

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5
Q

cardioacceleratory center (CAC)

A

medulla oblongata; sympathetic- INCREASE heart rate

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6
Q

sympathetic nerve fibers

A

leave CAC region in medulla oblongata; INCREASE rate/strength of heartbeat

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7
Q

parasympathetic nerve fibers

A

leave CIC region to HEART via vagus nerve (cranial X); DECREASE heart beat

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8
Q

cardioinhibitory center (CIC)

A

medulla oblongata to heart via vegas nerve (cranial X)- parasympathetic DECREASE heart rate

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9
Q

What is responsible for increase heart rate

A

sympathetic nerve fibers in CAC (medulla oblongata)

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10
Q

What is responsible for decrease heart rate

A

parasympathetic nerve fibers in CIC (medulla oblongata)

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11
Q

vagus nerve

A

cranial X; parasympathetic nerve fibers leave CIC via this route to slow heart rate

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12
Q

intrinsic regulation

A

nervous system WITHIN heart itself

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13
Q

where is sino-atrial node (SA node)

A

posterior of right atrium beneath epicardium below superior vena cava

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14
Q

SA node aka

A

pacemaker of heart

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15
Q

why is SA node called pacemaker of heart

A

starts action potentials (intrinsic regulation)

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16
Q

where do action potentials from SA node spread to

A

both atria (contract together)

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17
Q

where is atrioventricular node (AV node)

A

floor of right atrium

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18
Q

where does action potential spread to from AV node

A

AV bundle (bundle of His)

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19
Q

action potential location after bundle of His

A

through inter ventricular septum to left/right bundle branches

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20
Q

where do bundle branches carry action potential to

A

purkinje fibers

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21
Q

purkinje fibers

A

carry action potential of heart into cells of myocardium and cause ventricles to contract

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22
Q

which ventricle pumps harder right or left

A

left ventricle bc it has to pump systemic blood to whole body

23
Q

3 periods of cardiac cycle

A

mid-to-late diastole, ventricular systole, early diastole

24
Q

mid-to-late diastole

A

heart in complete relaxation; blood is filling atria (ventricles slightly bc AV valve is open)

25
Q

BP in mid-to-late diastole

A

low BP

26
Q

When is mid-to-late diastole completed

A

when SA node fires action potential, causes atria to contract (atrial systole) and push remaining blood into ventricles

27
Q

why do atria contract

A

to squirt out remaining 30% of blood into ventricles that didn’t go there in mid-to-late diastole

28
Q

systole alone

A

contraction of ventricles

29
Q

Ventricular systole

A

ventricular contraction; pressure increases rapidly; AV valves close (LUB) semilunar valves open, blood rushes out of ventricles, begin to relax, semilunar valves close (DUB)

30
Q

What is occurring at the same time as ventricular systole

A

atrial diastole

31
Q

What makes the LUB DUB sounds in heart

A

in ventricular systole (ventricular contraction) LUB=AV valves snapping shut before contraction, DUB=semilunar valves snapping shut after contraction

32
Q

Early diastole

A

intraventricular pressure drops below pressure in atria and AV valves open. REPEAT of cardiac cycle

33
Q

pressure in ventricular systole

A

high pressure; rapid increase

34
Q

What does the strength of contraction in heart depend on

A

volume of blood

35
Q

Starling’s Law

A

heart pumps blood that comes in w/o excessive damming of blood in veins; more heart wall is stretched=greater contraction (heterometric auto regulation)

36
Q

heterometric autoregulation

A

more heart wall is stretched=greater contraction to prevent damage to veins and capillaries (starlings law)

37
Q

What reflex controls heterometric autoregulation

A

bainbridge reflex

38
Q

bainbridge reflex

A

controls heterometric autoregulation

39
Q

stroke volume

A

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta per heart beat; amount of blood going to whole body in a single heart beat

40
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume times beats/min

amount of blood pumped from left ventricle to aorta per minute

41
Q

auscultation

A

act of listening to heart sounds

42
Q

murmurs

A

turbulence=damaged valves (blood flow is supposed to be smooth)

43
Q

stenosis

A

incomplete opening of valves

44
Q

insufficiency of valves

A

incomplete closure

45
Q

two types of heart murmurs

A

stenosis or insufficiency of valves

46
Q

how can you detect heart murmur

A

stethoscope

47
Q

affects of K+ and Na+ on heart

A

inversely proportional (increase=heart rate decrease) and vice versa

48
Q

Ca+2 affect on heart

A

directly proportional; increase=increase heart rate

49
Q

affect of temperature on heart

A

directly proportional; increase=heart rate increase

50
Q

male vs female heart rate

A

male rate=lower than female

51
Q

fear and anger (aka?) on heart rate

A

epinephrine (adrenaline); increase heart rate

52
Q

greif on heart rate

A

stimulates CIC; decrease heart rate

53
Q

aortic aneurysm

A

burst/hemorrhage; weakness in BV/bulge

Anatomy and Physiology II (13 decks)

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