Endocrine

Question 1

What drug type is Short-Acting Insulin

Answer 1

Insulin

Question 2

What is the mechanism of actio of Short-Acting Insulin

Answer 2

Pre-meal injection or during medical emergencies.

Question 3

What is Short-Acting Insulin used to treat?

Answer 3

Diabetes Type I

Question 4

What drug type is Long-Acting Insulin

Answer 4

Insulin

Question 5

What is the mechanism of action of Long-Acting Insulin

Answer 5

Taken once or twice a day to provide background insulin levels
lasting approx 24 hours. They don’t need to be taken with food
since they have no peak action.

Question 6

What is Long-Acting Insulin used to treat?

Answer 6

Diabetes Type I

Question 7

What drug type is metformin

Answer 7

Biguanides

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

Answer 8

• Reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis by blocking the actions
of PEPCK and G6Pase which are 2 enzymes required for
the reversal of the glycolysis pathway.
• Biguanides increase insulin sensitivity, by increasing glucose
uptake, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and increasing glycolysis.

Question 9

What is metformin used to treat?

Answer 9

Diabetes Type II

Question 10

What are the side effects of metformin

Answer 10

25% of patients present with GI side effects

Question 11

What class of drug is Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide

Answer 11

Sulphonylureas

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of Glibenclamide,

Gliclazide

Answer 12

Inhibits ATP sensitive K+ channels in beta cells of the

pancreas. Closed channels cause Ca2+ influx and thus insulin release.

Question 13

what is Glibenclamide,

Gliclazide used to treat?

Answer 13

Diabetes Type II

Question 14

What class of drug is Pioglitazone

Answer 14

Thiazolidinediones

Question 15

What is the mechanism f action of Pioglitazone

Answer 15

Stops inappropriate deposition of lipid in non-adipose tissues
(which normally leads to insulin resistance), therefore
improving insulin sensitivity.

Question 16

What is Pioglitazone used to treat?

Answer 16

Diabetes Type II

Question 17

What type of drugs are Exanatide, Sitagliptin

Answer 17

Incretin-Based

Therapies

Question 18

What is the mechanism of action of Exanatide, Sitagliptin

Answer 18

Exanatide mimics the action of GLP-1
Sitagliptin inhibits DPP4 (which normally breaks down GIP and
GLP1)

Question 19

What are Exanatide, Sitagliptin used to treat?

Answer 19

Diabetes Type II

Question 20

What type of drug is Dapagliflozin

Answer 20

SGLT2 Inhibitors

Question 21

What is the mechanism of action of Dapagliflozin

Answer 21

Blocks SGLT2 in the PCT of the nephron, just excreting

glucose in the urine and reducing hyperglycaemia

Question 22

What is Dapagliflozin used to treat

Answer 22

Diabetes Type II

Question 23

What are the side effects of Dapagliflozin

Answer 23

Higher risk of UTIs due to

glycosuria and volume depletion

Question 24

What are the drugs used to treat T2DM?

Answer 24

Metformin
Glibenclamide,
Gliclazide
Pioglitazone
Exanatide
Sitagliptin
Dapagliflozin

Question 25

What type of drug is Carbimazole

Answer 25

Thionamides (Anti- | thyroid drugs)

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action of Carbimazole

Answer 26

• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the action of thyroid peroxidase. They inhibit the iodination of tyrosine. • Carbimazole is a prodrug which is converted to thiamazole (via first pass). Carbimazole also has immunosuppressive properties during in treating Graves’ Disease

Question 27

What is Carbimazole used to treat?

Answer 27

Graves’ Disease | Hyperthyroidism

Question 28

What are the side effects of Carbimazole

Answer 28

Skin aplasia, rash, nausea

Question 29

What type of drug is Propylthiouracil | PTU

Answer 29

Thionamides (Anti- | thyroid drugs)

Question 30

What is the mechanism of action of Propylthiouracil | PTU

Answer 30

• Inhibits thyroid hormone synthesis by blocking the action of thyroid peroxidase. They inhibit the iodination of tyrosine. • PTU is less active and requires twice the dosing. PTU also reduces the peripheral conversion of T4 → T3

Question 31

What is Propylthiouracil | (PTU) used to treat?

Answer 31

Graves’ Disease | Hyperthyroidism

Question 32

What are the side effects of Propylthiouracil | PTU

Answer 32

T4 has a long half-life (7days) therefore it can up to 10-20 days for any clinical benefit.

Question 33

What type of drug is Levothyroxine

Answer 33

Synthetic Thyroxine

Question 34

What is the mechanism of action of Levothyroxine

Answer 34

Synthetic thyroxine replacement given for life.

Question 35

What is Levothyroxine used to treat?

Answer 35

Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis | Hypothyroidism

Question 36

What are the side effects of Levothyroxine

Answer 36

Cardiac complications

Question 37

What drugs are given for Graves' disease?

Answer 37

- carbimazole - Propylthiouracil (PTU)

Question 38

What type of drug is Fludrocortisone

Answer 38

Mineralocorticoid Replacement Therapy

Question 39

What is the mechanism of action of Fludrocortisone

Answer 39

Synthetic aldosterone replacement

Question 40

What is Fludrocortisone used to treat?

Answer 40

Addison’s Disease | Hypoadrenalism

Question 41

What are the side effects of Fludrocortisone

Answer 41

Long-term steroid use can lead to Cushing’s disease. Steroids cannot be stopped immediately

Question 42

What type of drug is Hydrocortisone

Answer 42

Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy

Question 43

What is the mechanism of action of Hydrocortisone

Answer 43

Synthetic cortisol replacement

Question 44

What is Hydrocortisone used to treat?

Answer 44

Addison’s Disease | Hypoadrenalism

Question 45

What are the side effects of Hydrocortisone

Answer 45

The adrenal gland is not | producing any cortisol and thus removing steroid treatment suddenly can result in adrenal crisis.

Question 46

What class of drugs are: Cabergoline Quinagolide Bromocriptine

Answer 46

Dopamine (D2) | agonists

Question 47

What is the mechanism of action of: Cabergoline Quinagolide Bromocriptine

Answer 47

`Manic the actions of dopamine on the dopamine receptors. This inhibits the secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary.

Question 48

What are the following used to treat: Cabergoline Quinagolide Bromocriptine

Answer 48

Treatment of prolactinoma

Question 49

What type of drug is Desmopressin

Answer 49

Synthetic Vasopression

Question 50

What is the mechanism of action of Desmopressin

Answer 50

Desmopressin is a synthetic analogue of vasopressin with no vasoconstrictor effects.

Question 51

What is Desmopressin used to treat?

Answer 51

Diabetes Insipidus