HNN Flashcards by K Y

What class of drug is L-dopa?

anti-parkinsons drug

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What is the mechanism of action of L-dopa?

percursor molecule for dopamine that can cross the blood brain barrier

(dopamine cannot cross the blood brain barrier)

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What disease is L-dopa used to treat?

Parkinson’s disease

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What are the side effects of L-dopa?

Common:

- nausea & vomiting (due to L-dopa in periphery)

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What is the mechanism of action of L-dopa in the periphery?

L-dopa is converted to dopamine and then adrenaline/noradrenaline, which increases

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What drug can be given with L-dopa to minimise side-effects?

Carbidopa

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What class of drug is Selegilline?

Monoamine Oxidise B Inhibitor (MAOBi)

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What is the mechanism of action of Selegilline

reduces the breakdown of dopamine in the CNS, especially in the corpus striatum

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What is disease is Selegilline used to treat?

Parkinson’s disease

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What class of drug is entacapone?

Catechol-o-methyl transferase inhibitors (COMTi)

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What is the mechanism of action of entacapone?

hen taken together with levodopa (L-DOPA) and carbidopa, entacapone stops catechol-O-methyltransferase from breaking down and metabolizing levodopa, resulting in an overall increase of levodopa remaining in the brain and body

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What disease is entacapone used to treat?

Parkinson’s disease

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What are the side effects of entacapone?

Abdominal pain
Nausea
Vomiting
Fatigue
Dry mouth
Back ache

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What are the side effects of selegilline?

nausea, hallucinations, confusion, depression, loss of balance, insomnia, increased involuntary movements, agitation, slow or irregular heart rate, delusions, hypertension, new or increased angina pectoris, and syncope

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What class of drug is Pramiprexole and ropinirole?

Dopamine agonist

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What is the mechanism of action of pramiprexole and ropinirole?

Binds directly to D2/3 dopamine recptors

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What disease are pramiprexole and ropinirole used to treat?

Parkinson’s disease

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What drugs can be used to treat Parkinson’s disease?

L-dopa
selegilline
entacapone
pramiprexole
ropinirole

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What class of drugs are barbiturates and benzodiazepines?

anxiolytics

- sedatives (hypnotics)

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What is the mechanism of action of barbiturates?

GABA agonist at higher doses

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What is the mechanism of action of benzodiazepines?

Increases the efficiency of GABA to decrease excitability of neurons

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What diseases do barbiturates and benzodiazepines treat?

Anxiety and insomnia

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What class of drug is clozapine?

antipsychotic drug

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What is the mechanism of action of clozapine?

serotonin receptor antagonist

Binds to GABAb receptors

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What disease does clozapine treat?

schizophrenia

What class of drug is fluoxetine?

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

What is the mechanism of action of fluoxetine?

Prevents the re-uptake of seroronin at the post-synaptic membrane

What disease does fluoxetine treat?

Depression

What are the side effects of fluoxetine?

- nausea - vomiting - agitation - sexual dysfunction - hyponatraemia - sweating

What class of drug is amitriptyline?

Tricyclic antidepressants

What is the mechanism of action of amitriptyline?

prevent the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine at the post-synaptic membrane

What are the side effects of amitriptyline?

``` Anticholinergic sedation weight gain hyponatraemia cardiotoxin effects hallucinations ```

What class of drugs are phenelzine?

Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)

What is the mechanism of action of phenelzine?

Irreversible, non-competitive inhibitors of monoamine oxidases

What disease does phenelzine treat?

depression

What drugs treat depression?

- fluoxetine - amitriptyline - phenelzine

What drug type is paracetamol?

analgesic drug

What is the mechanism of action of paracetamol?

inhibition of COX2

What is the use of paracetamol?

pain treatment

What class of drug are NSAIDs?

analgesic drugs

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDs?

Inhibition of COX1 & COX2

What class of drug is an opioid?

analgesic

What is the mechanism of action of opioids?

bind to u receptors

Name different medications used in pain

- paracetamol - NSAIDs - tricyclic ANTIDEPRESSANTS - opioids

What drug class are amphetamins and methylphenidate?

Psychomotor stimulants | psychostimulants in ADHD

What is the mechanism of action of amphetamins?

Amphetamine exerts its behavioral effects by altering the use of monoamines as neuronal signals in the brain

What is the mechanism of action of methylphenidate?

Methylphenidate primarily acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI)

What disease is treated with amphetamins and methylphenidate?

ADHD | other use - mostly recreational

What are the side effects of amphetamins and methylphenidate?

dependence | addiction

What class of drugs are LSD, ecstacy and ketamine?

Psychotomimetic drugs

What is the mechanism of action of LSD, ecstacy and ketamine?

drugs that affect thought, perception & mood, without causing marked psychomotor stimulation or depression

What class of drug is tacrine?

cognition enhancer

What is the mechanism of action of tacrine?

centrally acting anticholinesterase and indirect cholinergic agonist (parasympathomimetic)

What is the clinical use of tacrine?

mostly recreational, previously Alzheimer's but now stopped

What class of drug is donepezil?

cognition enhancer

What is the mechanism of action of donepezil?

Donepezil acts as a centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

What is the clinical use of donepezil?

Alzheimers | recreational

What class of drug is halothane?

anaesthetic agent

What is the mechanism of action of halothane?

activates GABAa and glycine receptors

What is the clinical use of halothane?

used to provide surgical anaesthesia

What are the side effects of halothane?

irregular heartbeat, decreased effort to breathe (respiratory depression), and liver problems

What class of drug is propofol?

anaesthetic agent

What is the mechanism of action of propofol?

Propofol is believed to work at least partly via a receptor for GABA

What is the clinical use of propofol?

used to provide surgical anaesthesia

What are the side effects of propofol?

irregular heart rate, low blood pressure, burning sensation at the site of injection, and the stopping of breathing

What class of drug is ranibizumab?

Anti-VEGF (monoclonal antibody) Liscenced: £750

What is the mechanism of action of ranibizumab?

prevent growth of new blood vessels | prevents growth of new fragile capillaries at the macula

What disease is ranibizumab used to treat?

age-related macular degeneration

What class of drug is bevecizumab?

Anti-VEGF (monoclonal antibody) unliscenced: £75

What is the mechanism of action of bevecizumab?

prevent growth of new blood vessels | prevents growth of new fragile capillaries at the macula

What disease is bevecizumab used to treat?

age-related macular degeneration

HNN Flashcards

(71 cards)