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Endocrine Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 main functions of the kidneys - Homeostasis (keeping things level)

A

Disposal of waste, Osmoregulation, Regulation of blood volume and pressure, blood pH, producing hormones

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2
Q

where are the kidneys located

A

Posterior wall of the abdominal cavity, 12 th rib

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3
Q

how much blood flows through the kidneys

A

roughly 20% of cardiac output, because the kidneys clean the blood

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4
Q

What is the outside of the kidney known as
structures inside pyramid shape
What makes up the medulla

A 
Renal cortex
Renal medulla ( where urine is formed)
nephrons (do most of the work)
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5
Q

What is the function of the nephron

A

they are the functional unity of the kidneys. responsible for ultrafiltration of blood (everything but cells is removed) then they reabsorb things that are needed. secrete what is not desired

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6
Q

What are the two main structures in the nephron

A 
renal corpuscle located in the cortex (where plasma is filtered) 
Renal tubule(
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7
Q

Describe the structure of the Renal corpuscle

A

Made up from two sub structures
Gloerulus - a capillary network endothelial cells
Bowmans capsule - surrounds the outside, epithelial cells. Another layer of parietal epithelial cells which surrounds again. There is a gap between the layers in which the filtered blood sits.

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8
Q

Describe the Ultrafiltration process

A

Blood enters the glomerulus through the Afferent Arteriole, pushing blood out of the capillaries and into the capsular space. blood leaves through efferent arteriole.

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9
Q

Describe the role of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

controls absorption of glucose, sodium and other solutes

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10
Q

Describe the role of the loop of Henle

A

concentrates/ dilutes urine

counter - current multiplier

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11
Q

What are the main components of the endocrine system

A

Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas,

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12
Q

Describe the main roles of the hypothalamus

A

oversees internal body conditions
receives nervous stimuli from throughout the body.
Monitors chemical and physical characteristics of the blood.
Secretes hormones which regulate pituitary function

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13
Q

Describe how the hypothalamus signals the pituitary

A

makes neurohormones which travel down the hypothalymal-hypophysial tract and are stored in the pituitary until signalled later to secrete in the body.

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14
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamhypophysial

portal

A

Connects the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus for direct communication

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15
Q

Give information about the anatomy of the thyroid gland

A

Large, 2 lobes, lateral to trachea, inferior to thyroid cartilage, connected by isthmus accros anterior aspect of trachea, highly vascularised, regulated by hypothalamus pituitary axis,

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16
Q

Thyroid Histology

A

many follicles, produces T3 and T4. which are sored in and released form follicles according to TSH from pituitary gland

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17
Q

What are the parathyroid glands.

A

4 small glands posterior of the thyroid gland and produce PTH (calcium regulation)

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18
Q

Superenal / adrenal glands

A

Located in the superior lobe of the kidney, contains a medulla and cortex.

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19
Q

Adrenal gland histology

A

makes adrenaline and norepinephrine. 3 layers, makes steroid hormones (androgens, glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone))

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20
Q

Pancreas location and hormone production

A

Between greater curvature of stomach & duodenum
Exocrine: acini produce pancreatic juice
Endocrine: Pancreatic islets secrete hormones into circulation.

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21
Q

what are the three main categories of hormone

A

proteins and polypeptides
Steroids
Derivatives of the amino acis Tyrosine

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22
Q

Describe the main characteristics of Proteins and polypeptide hormones

A

Hydrophilic. produced in pituitary and pancreas. insulin, GH, TSH

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23
Q

Describe the main characteristics of Steroids

A

Hydrophobic (lipid soluble). produced in adrenal cortex and gonads. Cortisol, oestrogen

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24
Q

Describe the main characteristics of Tyrosine

A

Hydrophobic / hydrophilic. produced in thyroid, adrenal medullae

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25
Hydrophillic hormones dont disolve freely in a lipid environment, therefore can be stored in vesicles within the cell
When required they can be released into circulation they are soluble so can travel freely in the blood plasma
26
Steroids are lipid soluble therefore cannot be stored. and so are synthesised when required
steroids are not water soluble therefore are transported, bound to a plasma protein. e.g. Albanin
27
What is the order of hormone synthesis
prepro hormone - pro hormone - hormone
28
what is the order of insulin synthesis
preproinsulin in transported to the golgi. Then proinsulin is transported to the vesicles where it is cleved into insulin
29
Steroid hormone synthesis
first step of steroid synthesis occurs within the mitochondria of the cells with cholesterol being the limiting factor.
30
Describe the process of hormone synthesis
Synthesised on the ribosomes at the endoplasmic reticulum as a pre pro hormone. Transported to the endoplasmic reticulum to become pro hormone. Transported to Golgi apparatus where it is packaged for storage.
31
How to protein and polypeptide hormones enter the cell
through cell surface receptors, second messenger system , rapid action
32
How do Steroid hormones enter the cell
lipid soluble so enter easily. Intracellular receptors. Effect the nucleus and DNA to promote gene transcription. Slow.
33
How do Derivatives of amino acid tyrosine hormones enter the cell
Adrenaline is similar to proteins and Thyroid hormones are similar to steroids
34
What re the types of negative feedback loops and what do each of them deal with
long loop(feedback from peripheral glands, inhibits hypothalamic and/ or pituitay hormones), short loop feedback from pituitary hormone to hypothalamus) & ultra short loop (hormone inhibits its own production)
35
What are positive feedback loops used for
To ensure an event occurs to completion, e.g. childbirth
36
What are feed-forward control loops used
Direct affect of the stimulus on the control system before the action of the feedback signal ocurs. e.g. your body anticipates what it needs to do (increasing heart rate before excersise) or breastfeeding crying baby causes milk production
37
Why is a thyroid gland histology recognisable
Useually stained pink, colloid is surrounded by cuboidal epithelial and follicular cells. Very vascular and parafollicular cells
38
Iodine is very important for thyroid
iodide can be absorbed straight away, iodine can be easily ionised and absorbed. Defficiency leads to Goiter
39
Name the two thyroid hormones and what they are derived from
T3 - Triiodothyronine T4 - Tetraiodothyronin (thyroxine) Tyrosine and iodine.
40
What is thyroglobulin used for
It is the site of synthesis and Storage of T3 & T4
41
How does the thyroid hormone get back into the bloodstream from the colloid
Thyroglobulin is taken up into the cell by endocytosis then joins with a lysosome containing enzymes which cut up the thyroglobulin molecule to release T3 & T4 which are then transported into the bloodstream.
42
What must T3 & T4 bind to to be transported in the blood
Thyroid Binding Globulin (TBG) therefore are released into the system. Some free T3 & T4 act faster
43
What is the main affect of Thyroid Hormone
Increase metabolic rate by: increasing metabolic rate, the production of mitochondira & Na / K ATPase activity
44
What is the Thyroid Hormone particularly important for
Development of noenatal and neonatal brain, CNA, Cardiovascular system, Respiratory system, Reproductive system, Digestive system & other endocrine glands
45
What is the process of Thyroid Hormone Regulation
TRH from hypothalamus, TSH from Pituitary, TSH & TRH are inhibited by the production of T3&T4 (negative feedback. therefore maintaining a constant level of thyroid hormone
46
What are some of the effect of untreated Congenital hypothyroidism
Short, delayed bone age, delayed puberty, infertility, reduced muscle tone, poor coordination, cognitive impairment, Thickened skin, Enlarged tongue, Constipation & Abdominal distension
47
What does a screen test test for for hypothyroidism
High levels of TSH
48
Describe the adrenal glands
situated above the the kidneys, Yellow due to high cholesterol due to production of steroid hormones. Composed of outer cortex and inner medulla
49
In the adrenal glands which section produces cortisol
Zona Fasciculata located in the middle
50
What is the regulation oathway of cortisol secretion
Hypothalamus & anterior pituitary gland (HPA axis) releases CRH (hypothalamus) Stimulates release of ACTH(piuitary). Cortiso inhibits CRH & ACTH release in negative feedback.
51
How does Cortisol secretion affect our circadian rhythm
high secretion of CRH & ACTH therefore cortisol in the morning. This drops off to a lowest point at around 4am
52
What problem arrises due to prolonged increase in Cortisol levels
cushings syndrome, Cushings disease occurs due to a pituitary tumour causing inappropriate ACTH secretion
53
What are the symptoms of an overactive thyroid
High metabolic rate (lose weight & sweating) Nervousness, over active maic personality and goitre
54
What are some symptoms of an underactive thyroid
low metabolic rate, gains weight, latharguc and slow, low speech, deep voice, feel cold, can have a cognitive impairment in children it can lead to cretinism, often has low bloodpressure therefore more likely to have a heartattach.
55
What oral medication is typically used to treat hyperthyroidism
Radioiodine, which is selectively taken up by the thyroid. Single dose can last 2 months. Iodine - is converted to iodide & reduces thyroid hormones secretion
56
What is the result of radiotherapy treatment for hyperthyroidism
The thyroid can be killed off completely but replacement therapy can be used for the hormones
57
What is the treatment for Hypothyroidism
Replacement therapy, take thyroixine. Levothyroxine or Liothyronine
58
What is the treatment of type 1 diabetes
Insulin injection, short acting (soluble insulin), intermediate acting (isophane insulin, NPH), Long acting (insulin zinc)
59
What is the treatment for type 2 diabetes
use hypoglycaemic agents (metformin), which reduce carbohydrate absorption, increase fatty acid oxidation, increase glucose uptake & utilisation in skeletal muscle by reducing insulin resistance
60
What are some of the side affects of using hypoglycaemic agents to treat type 2 diabetes
metformin they are appetite suppressors so can lead to anorexia & encourage weight loss. Because it activates AMP-Kinase
61
how does the treatment for type 2 diabetes Sulphonylureas work
stimulate insulin scretion, only works if B cells of the pancreas are functional. However they stimulate appetite and can lead to weight gain.
62
How does the use of Ploglitazone treat type 2 diabetes
increases insulin sensitivity, & lowers blood glucose. can cause weight gain & oedema
63
What do incretins do for diabetes treatment
stimulate insulin secretion therefore helps lower blood glucose after a meal
64
Steroids are often used when
to prevent allergic reactions as they inhibit the immune system e.g. asthma anything that causes inflammation
65
what happens due to increased glucocorticoids e.g cushings syndrome / disease
poor wound healing, easy bruising, high blood pressure, increased abdominal fat, muscle wasting, thinning skin,, moon face, hyper tension
66
what is Addisons disease
when the adrenal glands do not produce anough hormones, it is treated by replacing the hormones

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