Respiration Flashcards
(46 cards)
Name some of the functions of the respiratory system
gas exchange, regulates: blood pH, angiotensin, vocalisation, Olfaction, blood pressure,
What are the upper and lower parts of the respiratory system
upper - nose to pharynx (shared with food)
Lower - larynx to lungs (air only)
Name the conducting zones of the respiratory system
nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles
Name the respiratory zones of the system
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacks, alveoli
Describe the structure and function of the respiratory epithelium
epithelial cells are pseudostratified ciliated coumner and have goblet cells, lines the wall of conducting zone
In the respiratory zone how does the epilthelium change
it becomes squamous (thinner) to allow better gas exchange
What is the function of the nasal conchae & meatus
Conchae - turbulate air, remove particles, increase time for contact with mucosa & olfactory receptors & heat air
Meatus - Increase surface area for contact with mucosa & heat air
What are the three anatomical regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx -
Laryngopharynx
what is the name of the cartilage which prevents food going down the throat, what seals of the nasal cavity from the nasopharynx
epiglottis, soft pallet
What is the function of Larynx
connects pharynx to trachea. Contains cartilage, thyroid cartilage (adams apple)
Describe the structure of the trachea
12cm long 2.5cm wide. Anterior to oesophagus. c-shaped cartilage hold it open. splits at the carina (contains lots of mechanoreceptors which trigger a powerful cough reflex
Describe the bronchial tree and which ones are help open with cartilage
Primary, Secondary, tertiary (last ones help open with cartilage), bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles - alveoli
What are the two types of epithelial cells involved in gas exchange
All simple squamus epithelium,
type 1 - involved in gas exchange
type 2 - secrete surfactant - which helps to keep alveoli from collapsing, so reduces the surface tension on the walls of the alveoli
Describe the lungs and the membrane which surrounds it
take up most of the thoracic cavity surrounded by pleural membrane with both parietal and visceral layers. Pleural fluid prevents friction& causes layers to adhere to one another - surface tension
Describe the structures of the left and right lungs
Right- horizontal fissure
left fissure
everything enters and leaves through the hilum
what is the name of the nerve which supplies the diaphragm
Phrenic Nerve C 3,4,5
Why does ventilation increase during exercise
to maintain blood gas homeostasis
What is partial pressure
The sum of partial pressure of gas must add up to the total pressure. Partial pressure of a gas = Fraction of gas in gas * barometric pressure
What are the partial pressures of oxygen and CO2 in the alveolar and deoxygenated blood before gas exchange
Alveoli - PO2 = 102, PCO2 = 40 mmHg
capillary - PO2 = 40, PCO2 = 46 mmHg
Name the muscles used for forced exhilation
internal intercostal muscles, external oblique, internal oblique, rectus abdominus (abdominal muscles)
Describe the difference during active breathing
inhalation: greater contraction of the diaphragm, Inspiratory accessory muscles active
Expiration: Abdominal muscles, internal intercostal muscles
Name the 5 pressures in the lungs
barometric pressure, elastic recoil pressure, Pleural pressure (interpleural cavity (between visearal & parietal pleura) always negative & stops the lungs from collapsing), alveolar pressure, transpulmonary pressure (pressure across lung) alveolar - pleural
How i air filtered
airways are lined with psuedo-stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium
What is the volume of the alveolar capillary network at rest and during exercise & what is the distance between the alveoli and red blood cell
75 mls - rest
150 - 200 mls - during exercise
1 - 2 um
