Sense, Stem cells & noel Theraputics

Question 1

What are the special senses

Answer 1

Found in the head, vision, hearing, balance, olfaction (smell), gustation (taste)

Question 2

what are the general senses (Head)

Answer 2

distributed throughout the body, touch, temperature, nociception (pain), proprioeceptions

Question 3

what is the sensory pathway

Answer 3

stimulus, sensory receptor, descending neurons - afferent sensory neurons, CNS, integration & perception

Question 4

sensation is defined as what

Answer 4

the detection of a stimulus

Question 5

when reffering to stem cells what does Potency mean

Answer 5

the potential to differentiate into different cell types

Question 6

What type of stem cell is Totipotent

Answer 6

embryonic stem cells, any tissue & placenta Morula

Question 7

What type of stem cell is Pluripotent

Answer 7

embryonic any tissue, Blastocyst

Question 8

What type of stem cell is Multipotent

Answer 8

cells from one ‘familly’ e.g. white blood cells & RBC

Question 9

What type of stem cell is Multipotent

Answer 9

cells from one ‘family’ e.g. white blood cells & RBC

Question 10

Describe the characteristics of adult stem cells

Answer 10

High capacity of self-renewal into adult life, Unlimited devisions, Unidirectional & Irreversal development

Question 11

Describe the characteristics of adult stem cells

Answer 11

High capacity of self-renewal into adult life, Unlimited devisions, Unidirectional & irreversible development

Question 12

Are stem cells fast or slow at dividing

Answer 12

generally slow however the frequency can change depending on the tissue & conditions

Question 13

what are the choices which occur during stem cell devision

Answer 13

If the daughter becomes either a stem cell or commit to differentiation, determined by extrinsic (environment symmetrical devision) or Intrinsic (inherit factors asymmetrical devision)

Question 14

Why do stem cells divide slowly

Answer 14

It decreases the chance of a genetic defect e.g. cancer cells, rate can increase when required e.g. to repair a damaged area

Question 15

Name a therapeutic use of Stem cells

Answer 15

Bone marrow transplant, Replacing stem cells into the midbrain to produce dopamine in parkinson’s disease sufferers

Question 16

How are sensory receptors classified

Answer 16

by Modality, Distribution, Origin of Stimulii

Question 17

Name 3 origins of Stimuli

Answer 17

Interoceptors - internal stimuli
Proprioceptors - position & body movements
Exteroceptors - Sense of stimuli external to the body

Question 18

What are the two main type of sensory receptor

Answer 18

Free nerve endings, not very specefic. Or specific receptor cell (hair cell or visual receptor cell, which synapses directly (hearing) or indirectly (through a bipolar interneuron, vision,) on a gnanglion.

Question 19

In the brain which body parts or overrepresented sensorially

Answer 19

mouth, tongue & index finger tips, Fovea of the retinea in the primary vision cortex

Question 20

Describe the 5 main stages of the sense of smell

Answer 20

1. Oderant Molecules bind to a receptor protein (G protein on the Cilia
2. Depolarisation of Olfactory receptor cells
3. If threshold reached, generation of APs sent to Olfactory bulb
4. In Glomerulus, receptor nerve endings excite mitral cells that forward the signal to the primary olfactory cortex
5. Olfactory neurons from the Olfactory nerve

Question 21

What occurs in the central pathway after smell is detected

Answer 21

Signal goes to the primary Olfactory Cortex, Piriform (PIR), endothelial cortex (EC) & Amygdala, all part of the limbic system which is responsible for memory and emotion

Question 22

Describe the main characteristics of taste buds

Answer 22

contain receptor cells which are specialised neurons with membrane receptors which are sensitive to chemical molecules of different shapes and ion changes

Question 23

For the sense of sight what to rods and cones detect and how do they work

Answer 23

Both contain photopigments which undergo a chemical change when they absorb light
Rods - Rodopsin, low light detection
Cones - opsins, intense day light & colour

Question 24

Describe the three neuron chain which processes light

Answer 24

PHOTORECEPTOR hyperpolarisation - BIPOLAR cells - RETINAL GANGLION CELLS neurons which send Action potentials along their axons forming the optic nerve

Question 25

Describe the three areas in the brain used for sight

Answer 25

Primary Visual Cortex - Through lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), a thalamic relay. Hal of the fibres from 1 eye decussate at the optic chiasm (partial crossing) and project in the contralateral LGN. Other half remain ipsilateral. Superior Colliculus: Control eye movements and coordination with auditory information Suprachiasmatic nucleus: Control of the body clock and circadian rhytms

Question 26

What does Riociguat do

Answer 26

Stimulates sGC in an No-dependant and-independant mode of action and thereby to enhance cGMP synthesis, producing vasodilation Riociguat improved pulmonary haemodynamics and prevented adverse structural remodelling

Question 27

How does the Prosacyclin receptor antagonist Epoprosenol work to reduce Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 27

Administered intravenously, short half life | Teprostinil, longer half life also available orally

Question 28

What do Endothelium blockers do with respect to blood pressure

Answer 28

Endothelium - 1 is a potent vasoconstrictor.

Question 29

How do endothelium blockers fair to help people with pulmonary hypertension with walking

Answer 29

work well to increase stamina however very expensive

Question 30

How does Rho-kinase inhibitors deal with hypertension

Answer 30

Inactivates mysoson link chain phosphotase which causes increased levels of phosphrylated MLC therefore causing vascular smooth muscle contraction