Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Applied Clinical Physiology > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

(100 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

Study of endocrine glands and their secretions: hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What glands make up the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Throid
  3. Adrenal
  4. Pancreas
  5. Ovaries/Testes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What role does the pituitary gland have in homeostasis?

A

the master gland

extensive influence over other organs

linked to hypothalamus (which stimulates and inhibits pituitary hormones)

responsible for making hormones to stimulate organs to act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does hypothalamus drive at birth?

A 
Hunger
Thirst
Temperature
Anger
Fatigue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is embryonic development of pituitary?

A

Develops around 3 weeks from 2 places - outpocketing of oral ectoderm and extension of neuroectoderm from diencephalon.

Around 8 weeks gestation the infundibulum grows downwards to develop into posterior lobe.

10 weeks you can start to detect growth hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does the pituitary gland produce?

A

Anterior:

Prolactin 
Leutinizing/follicle stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone

Posterior:

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin (labour and lactation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What issues can you have with the hormones?

A

Deficiency
Excess
resistance (a block to the action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What congenital defects of the pituitary gland can you get?

A

Septo-optic dysplasia. (affects midline).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is septa-optic dysplasia?

A

Optic nerve hypoplasia
Midline brain abnormalities
Hypopituitarism (lacking in all hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What acquired disorders of pituitary/hypothalamus can you get?

A

Neoplastic:

  • Craniophayngioma
  • Optic glioma
  • Astrocytoma
  • Germ cell tumour

Inflammatory:

  • Meningitis
  • Autoimmune hypophysillis
  • Landerhans cell histiocytosis

Trauma

Cranial Irradiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hypopituitarism?

A

Reduction of all hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism?

A

Growth Hormone changes: Hypoglycaemia in infancy , growth failure in childhood

ACTH changes cause:

  • hypoglycaemia
  • jaundice
  • hypotension

LH changes cause:

  • micropenis
  • Failure of puberty

TSH changes cause:

  • jaundice
  • poor growth
  • tiredness, dry skin, hair loss

ADH changes:
- Cranial diabetes insipidus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are treatments for hypopituitarism?

A

Human growth hormone - subset injections (no oral option)

Hydrocortisone

Testosterone injections

Levothroxine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are 4 stages of growth?

A

Foetal
Infancy
Childhood
Puberty

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is grown in infancy most dependent upon?

A

Nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is average rate of growth in infancy?

A

25cm/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is growth in childhood most dependent on?

A

GH/IGF axis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is rate of growth in childhood?

A

4-8cm/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is growth in puberty most dependent on?

A

Sex steroids and GH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is rate of growth in puberty?

A

6-10cm/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are main hormones involved in growth?

A

Growth hormone
Insulin-like growth factor
Thyroid hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what medication can influence growth?

A 
Asthma 
Sickle Cell
Arthritis
IBD
Chronic Heart Disease
CF
Renal insufficiency

Basically steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What factors influence puberty?

A

Genetic background
Environment
General health of child

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What aspects of general health influence puberty?

A

Adequate nutrition
obesity (increased BMI=early puberty)
Emotional and behaviours difficulties
Chronic disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does environment affect puberty?
Difficult to prove Phytoestrogens (from carrots coffee etc) Pesticides/herbicides (in Florida noted) BPA (baby feeding botles/plastics)
26
What genetic factors can affect puberty?
family history siblings pubertal milestones FSH receptor
27
What is a prader orchidometer?
Beads to measure testicule volume in mls. Main points: 4mls - puberty onset 10mls - start of adolescent growth spurt 12mls - peak heigh velocity (growing at fastest rate). Up to 20mls.
28
When does menarche occur compared to height velocity?
After growth spurt - will have stopped growing.
29
When does facial hair/shaving occur compared to height velocity?
After growth spurt/stopped growing.
30
what is precocious puberty?
Early puberty. True = early activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonandal axis Pseudo = sex steroids secreted without activation of axis
31
What are some causes of true precocious puberty?
``` Organic CNS disruption: Tumours of hypothalamic-pituitary region. -Head Injury -Meningitis -Neurofibromatosis - Cerebral Palsy - Hydrocephalus ``` Cranial Surgery or Radiotherapy
32
What are some causes of pseudo-precocious puberty?
Sex Steroids from adrenal: - Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - Adrenal tumour - Premature adrenarche (release of androgens) - Cushing's syndrome ``` Sex steroids from gonad: - Ovarian tumour McCune-Ablright Syndrome -Testotoxicosis -HCG secreting germ cell tumours ``` Exposure to exogenous steroids
33
What does Tanner staging mean in growth?
A2 G4 P3 (2/2) A=axillary hair G=genitalial P=pubic hair final = testicular volume.
34
Causes of delayed puberty?
Constitutional Delay of growth and puberty Chronic disease Central causes: Tumour/Irradiation/trauma gonadotropin deficiency Peripheral causes: - Testicular damage - Gonandal dysgenesis - Chemo
35
What is treatment of delayed puberty?
Testosterone injections/gel LH/FSH injections
36
What controls fluid in the body normally?
Hypothalamic centres - regulates thirst It stimulates intake of free water and stimulaters ADH release
37
What is ADH
Anti Diuretic Hormone
38
Where does anti diuretic hormone made?
Made by hypothalamus Stored in pituitary gland
39
What action does ADH have?
Stimulates the distal and collecting tubules of the kidneys - this increases reabsorption of the free water into cardiovascular system.
40
What is plasma osmolality?
The concentration of all chemical particles in the fluid part of the blood
41
What is normal level for plasma osmolality?
285-295mOsm/L
42
What is urine osmolality?
Number of dissolved particles per unit of water in urine.
43
What is normal level for urine osmolality?
500-800mOsm/kg water Large value = concentrated urine.
44
What is diabetes insipidus?
Not related to sugars. Acute or chronic condition Inadequate secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland (CranialDI) Insufficient renal response to adequate levels of ADH (Nephrogenic DI) Both result in the kidneys making a lot of urine.
45
What are causes of cranial diabetes insipidius?
Cerebral malformations (eg SOD) Acquired disease eg surgery Familial - genetic mutation.
46
What is presentation of diabetes insipidus?
Polyuria Polydipsia (excess thirst) ``` Can also be constipation] Fever Vomiting Loss of weigh FTT Dehydration (need U&Es as common presentation) ```
47
What investigations are done for diabetes insipisdus?
Habitual excessive drinking - when parents stop flavoured drinks but water still available then will the child still drink lots. If they do then will do water deprivation test. Drug DDAVP (ADH equivalent) given. If fails to concentrate urine then implies it is nephrogenic.
48
Where is the thyroid gland?
In the neck, surrounding the trachea.
49
What do the thyroid hormones effect?
Growth Neurological development Metabolism Cardiovascular function
50
What is embryology development of thyroid gland?
First endocrine gland to develop. 24 days - it descends but still attached to Tongue. Descends to final position about 7 weeks.
51
What 2 hormones does thyroid produce?
Thyroxine T4 Tri-iodothryonine T3 Both act on pituitary
52
What is diagnostic tests for congenital hypothyroidism?
All babies screened in first 5 days of life - the Guthrie Test
53
What are symptoms of congenital hypothyroidism?
``` Sleepiness Poor feeding Constipation Goitre Oedema Jaundice ```
54
What is treatment for congenital hypothyroidism?
Thryoxine tables
55
What is occurrence of congenital hypothyroidism?
1 in 4000 births
56
What could causes of congenital hypothyroidism?
85% dysgenesis: Genesis/hypoplasia/ectopic Synthetic defects: TSH deficiently, T4 synthesis Maternal disease T21
57
What is acquired hypothyroidism?
Usually autoimmune - Hashimotos thyroiditis
58
What are symptoms of acquired hypothyroidism?
``` Tireness Poor appetite Weight gain Lethargy Delayed Puberty Goitre Bradycardia Cold pasty skin ```
59
What is treatment for acquired hypothyroidism?
Levothroxine
60
What is hyperthyroidism?
Graves disease - autoimmune
61
What are symptoms of acquired hyperthyroidism?
``` Anxiety Increased appeptite Weight loss Heat intolerance Sleep disturbance Goitre Tachycarida Sweating Tremor ```
62
How do you treat acquired hyperthyroidism?
Anti-thyroid drugs. Carbimazole
63
What is neonatal thyrotoxicosis?
Type of hyperthyroidism in babies. Caused by trans-placental transfer of maternal TSH receptor antibodies Stimulates the neonatal thyroid gland.
64
What are signs and symptoms?
All normally dissipate when start treatment: Goitre Tachycardia Cardiac failure. Jitters
65
What drugs would be given for neonatal thyrotoxicosis?
Carbimazole Propanalol for jitters prednisolone for eye disease chloral hydrate to calm
66
What hormones does adrenal gland get involved with?
Sugar Salt Sex Glucocorticoids Mineralcorticoids Androgens Different layers of adrenal gland make different hormones
67
What is embryology development of adrenal gland?
Cortex and medulla made from different cell types. Important by week 30 to mature the embryo
68
Which adrenal layers produce which hormones?
Cortex - Zone Glomerulosa: Mineralocorticoids. Aldosterone Cortex - Zone Fasciculata: Glucocorticoids - Cortisol Cortex - Zone Reticularis - sex steroids/androgens. Medulla - Catecholamines - adrenaline/noradrenaline/dopamine.
69
What does cortisol do in the body?
body's natural steroid Helps with blood sugar level (stimulates glucose production by freeing up ingredients in storage) Helps body deal with stress (anti-inflammatory) Helps to control BP and blood circulation
70
What happens with hypo secretion of adrenal cortex?
Addisons disease | Adrenal insufficiency.
71
What are symtpoms of Addison's disease?
Hyposecretion of adrenal gland (glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids) ``` Fatigue Muscle Weakness Anorexia Hypotension Darkening of skin Joint and muscle pain ```
72
What happens in hyper secretion of adrenal cortex?
Increased levels of cortisol in body - it is Cushing's syndrome
73
What are symptoms of Cushing's syndrome?
Hypersecretion of cortisol. ``` Increased weight Central truncal obesity Acne Thin Skin Moon Face Buffalo hump ```
74
What happens with adrenal medulla hypo secretion?
Not too much as other parts of body can produce adrenaline etc.
75
What are 3 main clinical adrenal examples?
Cushings - children on steroids. Glucocorticoid excess Addision's disease - generally in older child. Gluococoritoid insufficiency Congenital adrenal hyperplasia - enzyme defect of steroid synthesis.
76
What is Addisonian crisis?
Adrenal glands don't work Low cortisol Leads to liver function decrease and stomach digestive enzyme decrease. Leads to low sugar (liver) and vomiting/cramps etc Lead to extremely low sugar Low fluid volume. ``` Adrenal gland also causes low aldosterone Causes kidney to loose wate rand sodium Makes heart irregular Low fluid volume Low blood pressure Shock ``` The 2 combined = death
77
What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Inherited disorder of adrenal glands Enzyme defect of steroid synthesis When one of the enzymes involved is malfunctioning so cortisol production is impaired. Results in cortisol deficiently Excess pituitary ACTH secretion (pituitary senses not enough cortisol so sends more ACTH to compensate) Adrenal gland hyperplasia (gland becomes thickened)
78
What is most common type of congenital adrenal hyperplasia called?
21-hydroxlyase deficiency "salt-wasting" Deficiency in apfersterone and cortisol but male hormone still produced.
79
what are issues for boys with congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Severe (salt wasting) : Baby looks normal at birht 1-2 weeks old - poor feeding, vomiting, wt loss U&Es: Na<115 ``` Mild: Presents later 2-4yrs Tall stature Penis enlargement and pubic hair, Due to excessive male hormone ```
80
What are issues for girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
Severe: Baby had excessive male hormone in utero Genetalia will look like boy - may need karotype to determine sex. Internal structures still same, may need surgery for outer structures Mild: Too much male hormone. Tall stature Pubic hair Enlarged clitioris
81
What needs to happen with a child with adrenal hyperplasia is ill?
Need to double the amount of hydrocortisone until well In an emergency (very unwell) then have emergency hydrocortisone injection and/or glucagel. Then ambulance.
82
What are differences of sex development?
Congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal or anatomic sex is atypical
83
What are types of differences of sex development?
``` True genital ambiguity (e.g. CAH girls) Genital anomalies (including hypospadia) ``` 46XY DSD - under virilised male 46XX DSD - over virilised female.
84
What is diabetes mellitus?
Type 1 diabetes - mellitus meaning sweet tasting urine.
85
What is occurrence of diabetes mellitus?
1 in 400-500 children and adolescents
86
What causes diabetes mellitus?
Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in islets of langerhans.
87
What are signs of diabetes mellitus?
Persistent hyperglycaemia Fasting blood glucose >7mmol/l normal is 4-7
88
What are long term complications of diabetes mellitus?
Retinopathy Renal failure Cardiovascular disease Neuropathy
89
What process occurs in diabetes mellitus?
``` Lack of insulin Glucose can't be used = hyperglycaemia High glucose concentration in the blood Spills into urine - osmotic diuresis - polyuria Excessive thirst and weight loss Cells can't use the glucose Switch to metabolising fats Ketones Acidosis ```
90
What should happen in glucose homeostasis?
After eating Insulin rises - facilitates entry of glucose into cells via glucose specific transporters Insulin stimulates glycogen synthesis in liver and muscles When fasting Glucose concentration and insulin secretion fall Stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and muscles. And stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis from amino acids and ketones.
91
What is insulin?
Anabolic hormone that has key role in glucose metabolism Has important effect on fat and protein metabolism
92
What happens in diabetic ketoacidosis?
Lipolysis if not enough glucose going into cells (its in the blood) Produces free fatty acids and ketone bodies. Accumalte in blood = metabolic acidosis Dehydration, acidosis and hyperosmolaility = decreased consciousnesss, coma, death.
93
How would someone present with diabetes?
2-3 week history of lethargy, wt loss, polyuria, thirst If not noticed - could present with DKA. Abdo pain, vomiting, coma.
94
What is treatment for diabetes type 1
Insulin Subcut. May need more in puberty growth spurt. Can have pump therapy - better glycaemia control.
95
What can be consequence of insulin treatment of diabetes?
Hypoglycaemia. excess insuline or inadequate carb intake. Feel shaky Tachycardia Drowsy Irritable
96
What is level of blood glucose for hypoglycaemia
<4mmMol/L
97
What is treatment for hypoglycaemia?
2 x dextrose tables | 100mls sugary drink e.g. lucosade.
98
What is diabetes type 2?
Pancreas can still secrete insulin but you have peripheral insulin resistance. Increased by fatty deposits in pancreas as become overweight.
99
What is treatment of type 2 diabetes?
Dietary control of carbs | metformin
100
What is homeostasis?
Propety of human biological system where the self-regulating process tends to maintain the balance for survival. Regulation takes place in defined internal environment. Variable - Change detected by receptor - inputs to control centre - outputs to effector - variable responds to the effector to increase or decrease.

Applied Clinical Physiology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions