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Applied Clinical Physiology > Neuro > Flashcards

Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Name functions of the frontal lobe

A

Prefrontal cortex:

  • main site for cognitive function
  • voluntary behaviours such as planning, problem solving, thinking attention and intelligence.

Premotor area:
- involved in planning and executing motor movements.

Primary motor area:
- initiates and coordinates voluntary motor movements

Broca’s area:

  • production of spoken language
  • processing of complex sentences
  • Increases depth and abstract ability in thought and memory
  1. Autonomic function controls (e.g respiratory)
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2
Q

Name 5 functions of the parietal lobe

A
  • perceive and integrate sensory information
  1. Sensibility
  2. Sensation of touch, pressure, position and vibration
  3. Allows analysis of sensory information
  4. Defines weight, shape, size, texture and consistency
  5. Allows awareness of body orientation
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3
Q

Name 3 functions of temporal lobe

A
  1. Auditory receptive area
  2. Interpretative area for the integration of auditory, visual and somatic information
  3. Allows memory and intellectual ability

includes:
- primary auditory area: responsible for processing sounds and their comprehension. And auditory memory
- Wernickes Area - language comprehension.

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4
Q

Name 5 functions of the occipital lobe

A

Primary visual area of brain.

  1. Mapping visual world
  2. Determining colour properties of items in visual field
  3. Assessing distance, size and depth
  4. Identifying visual stimuli, particularly familiar faces and objects
  5. Receiving raw visual data from perceptual sensors in the eyes retina.
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5
Q

What makes up the basal ganglia? (4)

A

Group of deep nuclei deep within the hemispheres

Lenticular nucleus
Caudate nucleus
Amygdaloid
Claustrum

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6
Q

What is role of basal ganglia?

A

Control of fine body motor control (balance, eye movement, posture).

Link thalamus with primary motor area.

Associated with limbic system.

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7
Q

What parts make up main bit of brain? And what is it called?

A

Cerebrum, brainstem and cerebellum (called encephalon)

Diencephalon

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8
Q

What makes up diencephalon?

A

Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Epithalamus (pineal gland)
Pituitary Gland

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9
Q

What makes up cerebrum?

A 
Frontal lobe
Parietal
Temporal
Occiptal 
Basal Ganglia
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10
Q

What is role of thalamus?

A
  1. Conscious awareness
  2. Focussing attention
  3. The reticular activating system (sleep/wake cycles)
  4. The limbic system (emotions and memory)
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11
Q

What is hypothalamus found?

A

In optic chiasm.
Connected to pituitary gland by the pituitary stalk
Part of the limbic system

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12
Q

What is hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Maintaining homeostasis by regulating:

  • body temp
  • thirst
  • appetite/weight control
  • emotions
  • sleep cycles
  • sex drive
  • blood pressure/heart rate
  • production of gastric juices
  • balancing bodily fluids
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13
Q

What hormones does hypothalamus control?

A

Secretes to the posterior pituitary:

  1. ADH
  2. Oxytocin
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14
Q

What hormones does anterior pituitary control?

A
  1. TSH (thyroid)
  2. ACTH (adrenal cortex)
  3. FSH/LH
  4. Growth Hormone
  5. Prolactin
  6. Endorphins
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15
Q

What is structure of cerebellum?

A
  1. The outer grey cortex
    (inner granular layer, Purkinjie cell layer and outer molecular layer (synaptic)) Mother Please Go
  2. The white matter - afferent and efferent impulse connections (nerves)
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16
Q

What does cerebellum control?

A

Monitors and regulates motor behaviour.

  1. Posture and gait (spinocerbellum)
  2. Coordination of movement (vestibulocerebellum)
  3. Voluntary muscle activity and tone (pontocerebellum)
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17
Q

What are 3 parts of brainstem?

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Medulla Oblongata
  3. Pons
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18
Q

How many cranial nerves originate in the brainstem?

A

11 of 12.

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19
Q

What is function of midbrain?

A

Passageway for hemispheres and lower brain.

Major nuclei for controlling eye movement.

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20
Q

What does pons control?

A

11 of 12 cranial nerves leave here. Carries motor and sensory info for head and neck.

  1. Respiration
  2. Involuntary actions
  3. Hearing
  4. Taste
  5. Eye movement
  6. Facial expressions
  7. Chewing
  8. Production of saliva and tears
  9. Swallowing
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21
Q

What does medulla control?

A

Plays important part in reflex control of respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

  1. Head and eye coordination
  2. Motor and sensory pathways
  3. Cardiac
  4. Respiratory
  5. Vasomotor sensorys
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22
Q

What makes up limbic system?

A 
Thalamus
Corpus callosum
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Hypothalamus
Olfactory bulb
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23
Q

What does amygdala control?

A

Basic emotions - including fear.

24
Q

What is limbic system involved in?

A

Emotion
Olfactory stimulation
Sexual arousal
Memory

Also role in stress response.

25
Q

What is CSF composed of?

A

Clear colourless fluid

Water
Protein
Oxygen
CO2
Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Glucose
26
Q

What is role of CSF?

A
  1. Buoyancy - supporting mass to prevent ischaemia to lower part of brain.
  2. Mechanical Protection from jolts etc.
  3. Chemical Protection - Homeostasis of ph and ionic composition
  4. Clearing Waste and circulating nutrients such as glucose and oxygen.
27
Q

What makes CSF?

A 
Choroid plexus (lining the ventricles)
Ependymal Cells (in ventricles and meningeal blood vessels)
Blood vessels of brain and spinal cord
28
Q

How is CSF made?

A

Active transport and diffusion

29
Q

How much CSF is produced per day?

A

500ml a day

30
Q

What is circulating volume of CSF

A

125ml

31
Q

What absorbs the CSF?

A

arachnoid villi

32
Q

What are layers of meninges?

A

Skull
Dura
Arachnoid
Pia

33
Q

What is function of blood brain barrier?

A

ensures the nervous system is isolated from rest of body.

Ensures environment is optimal for neurone function

Controls movement of organic and inorganic ions. Prevents peripheral neurotransmitters escaping and toxins entering CNS

34
Q

What IS the blood brain barrier?

A

Capillary cells packed tighter together in brain and cels covered with astrocytes

35
Q

What are two main types of cells in nervous system?

A

Neuroglia

Neurons

36
Q

What are 5 types of neuroglia?

A
  1. Oligodendrocyte - type of Schwann cell found in brain (for CNS)
  2. Astrocyte - physical support cell,attaches to anything like capillaries/form BBB
  3. Ependyma -ciliated - line inner ventricles. produce CSF - found in choroid plexus
  4. microglia - immune cells of nervous system. imp in repair and regeneration (phagocytosis)
  5. Schwann - myelination - improve nerve conduction (for PNS)
37
Q

What is function of neuroglia?

A

Structural support
Nourishment
Neuron protection - myelination
Phagocytosis

38
Q

what is functions of neurone?

A
  1. React to chemical and sensory stimuli
  2. conduct impulses
  3. emit specific chemical regulators.
39
Q

How does impulse pass down nerve?

A

At rest: resting membrane potential
Stimulus at dendrite make Na channels open
Na - flows into cell. - therefore lessening charge difference at that location. If big enough charge change then that will trigger next door Na channels to open - that area is depolarised.
The moving depolarisation = the action potential.

Behind the potential - na channels close and k channels open - allows k out which depolarises membrane. Then na/k pump fully restores the potential.

40
Q

How does synapse work?

A

When action potential reaches end of axon - it opens Ca channel.

Causes vesicles containing neurotransmitter to be released.
They travel across synapse - lock into na channel in post synaptic membrane and cause it to open.

41
Q

Name 4 main neurotransmitters

A

GABA
Serotonin
Dopamine
Noradrenaline

42
Q

Name Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory S
  2. Optic S
  3. Oculmotor M
  4. Trochlear M (eye)
  5. Trigeminal (M&S)
  6. Abducent M (eye)
  7. Facial M
  8. Vestibulcochlear S
  9. Glossopharyngeal M +S
  10. Vagus M+S
  11. Accessory M
  12. Hypoglossal M (tongue)
43
Q

What are signs of epilepsy?

A

Epilepsy is tendency to have seizures - not all seizures are epilepsy.
Essentially it is neurones misfiring.

Depending on type: muscle contractures/muscle tone loss. 
LOC
Wet themselves
Pale
Twitching
44
Q

What are causes of epilepsy?

A

Genetic
Injury
Infection

45
Q

How common is epilepsy?

A

1 in 100 people. Common in children and over 65

46
Q

How do you diagnose epilepsy?

A

EEG

Scans to rule out causes

47
Q

What are some treatments for epilepsy?

A 
Anti-epileptic drugs
Ketogenic diet (for some)
Vagus nerve stimulation
Surgery
Depp Brain Stimulation
Cannabis Oil
48
Q

What are symptoms people may have after brain injury?

A 
Balance problems
Headaches
Dizziness
Emotional and behavioural changes
Memory problems
Fatigue
49
Q

What to go to A&E after head injury?

A 
GCS <15 initially
Bleeding disorder or anticoagulant meds
LOC or seizure after injury
Amnesia >5 min
Vomit x 3 in children
Pentetraing wound or skull fracture
Persistent headache
50
Q

What are primary and secondary headaches?

A

Primary:
Migraine
Tension headache
Cluster

Secondary 
result of underlying condition
trauma
malignancy
infection
hypertension
sinusitis
51
Q

What is corpus callosum?

A

Large bundle of fibres connecting left and right hemispheres.

52
Q

What is function of pineal gland (part of epithalamus/diencephalon)?

A

Secretes melatonin - important in alertness, awareness and sleep cycle.

53
Q

What does hippocampus control?

A

Most closely aligned to memory formation.

Important in spatial navigation.

54
Q

What does CNS compromise of?

A

Brain

Spinal Cord

55
Q

What does PNS compromise of?

A 
12 cranial nerves
31 spinal nerves
Sensory (afferent) neurones
Motor (efferent) neurones
Somatic nervous system (voluntary)
Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)  - sympathetic and parasympathetic.

Applied Clinical Physiology (14 decks)

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