Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

pharmacology prt 2 > Endocrine and Hormonal System > Flashcards

Endocrine and Hormonal System Flashcards

(58 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the major glands of the endocrine system?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Adrenal gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Ovaries or testicles
  • Pancreas
  • Kidneys

These glands work together to regulate various bodily functions through hormone production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?

A

The hypothalamus senses hormone levels and releases substances that stimulate the pituitary gland to produce trophic hormones.

These hormones then act on various organs to release other hormones or perform actions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What factors influence the hypothalamus?

A
  • Odors
  • Sounds
  • Sights
  • Stress
  • Temperature
  • Photoperiod
  • Hormonal feedback

These factors help the hypothalamus determine the need for hormone production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is negative feedback in the endocrine system?

A

High levels of hormone decrease the activity of the hypothalamus.

This mechanism helps maintain hormonal balance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is positive feedback in the endocrine system?

A

Low levels of hormone cause increased activity of the hypothalamus.

This mechanism can lead to an increase in hormone production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the four phases of the reproductive cycle?

A
  • Proestrus
  • Estrus
  • Diestrus
  • Anestrus

These phases are regulated by hormones released from the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What hormones are released in response to Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)?

A
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

GnRH stimulates the pituitary gland to release these hormones.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does FSH do in the reproductive cycle?

A

FSH causes a follicle to form and begin releasing estrogen.

Estrogen plays a key role in transitioning between reproductive phases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum release?

A

Progesterone

Progesterone prepares the uterus for reproduction and decreases GnRH production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if pregnancy occurs?

A

It helps maintain the pregnancy.

If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is superovulation?

A

The process of inducing an animal to produce more follicles than is normal for the species.

For example, a cow can produce an average of 8 follicles instead of 1.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the risks of using estrogen compounds in pregnant animals?

A

They can lead to complications such as aplastic anemia and are banned in food-producing animals.

Care must be taken when administering these drugs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the effect of androgens in animals?

A

Promote weight gain, red blood cell formation, and tissue anabolism.

They can also prevent estrus in female dogs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are progestins used for?

A
  • Maintain pregnancy
  • Suppress estrous cycles
  • Treat behavioral issues

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) is an example used in dogs and cats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are prostaglandins used for?

A
  • Abort pregnancies
  • Induce parturition
  • Treat pyometra

pyometra is a buildup of pus in uterus

Monitoring for side effects is necessary after administration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does oxytocin do during labor?

A

Helps give stronger uterine contractions.

Care must be taken to ensure no physical blockage is present.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the role of melatonin in animals?

A

Treat hormone-related hair loss and induce estrous cycles earlier.

Used particularly in dogs and sheep.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What hormones do the thyroid glands convert iodine into?

A
  • T3 (active form)
  • T4 (inactive form)

The thyroid gland regulates various bodily processes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism in animals?

A
  • Fast heart rates
  • Weight loss
  • Hyperexcitability

Commonly seen in older cats.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is hypothyroidism characterized by?

A
  • Lethargy
  • Poor skin and hair coat
  • Bradycardia

Most common in dogs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroid animals?

A

Supplementation with synthetic T4 (levothyroxine).

Therapy must be lifelong with periodic rechecks.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the treatment for hyperthyroid animals?

A

Methimazole or radioactive iodine treatment.

Methimazole inhibits thyroid hormone production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is hypoadrenocorticism?

A

A disorder where the adrenal gland cannot produce aldosterone and glucocorticoids.

It is fatal if untreated and primarily affects dogs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is hyperadrenocorticism?

Study These Flashcards
A

The oversecretion of aldosterone and glucocorticoids by the adrenal gland.

Commonly known as Cushing’s disease.

25
What does the pancreas produce?
* Insulin * Glucagon ## Footnote These hormones regulate blood sugar levels.
26
What is Type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Occurs when the body doesn’t produce enough insulin. ## Footnote Leads to hyperglycemia.
27
What is Type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Occurs when peripheral tissues become resistant to insulin. ## Footnote Can often be managed with diet.
28
What are the characteristics of diabetes mellitus in animals?
* Increased thirst * Frequent urination * Increased appetite * Weight loss ## Footnote These symptoms arise due to the inability to use carbohydrates for energy.
29
What are the different concentrations of insulin?
* U-40 * U-100 * U-200 ## Footnote It's crucial to match insulin concentration with the correct syringe.
30
What should you do with an insulin bottle before administration?
Gently roll it between your hands to mix. ## Footnote Never shake an insulin bottle as it can damage the insulin.
31
What should you never do to an insulin bottle?
Never shake an insulin bottle. ## Footnote Insulin is very fragile and shaking can damage it.
32
How should you mix an insulin bottle before administration?
Gently roll the insulin bottle between your hands. ## Footnote This ensures a consistent insulin dosage, especially if the product has settled.
33
Why should injection sites be rotated?
To prevent scar tissue formation that can interfere with absorption.
34
What is the response of Type 2 diabetic patients to insulin therapy?
Type 2 diabetic patients don’t respond to insulin therapy.
35
Name an oral hypoglycemic agent that has been tried in Type 2 diabetes management.
Glipizide.
36
What is an insulinoma?
A tumor of the pancreas that secretes large amounts of insulin.
37
What effect does an insulinoma have on blood sugar levels?
It lowers blood sugar and causes hypoglycemia.
38
What drug is known to raise blood sugar levels in insulinoma cases?
Diazoxide.
39
What are growth-promoting hormones used for in animals?
To help recover from sickness, gain weight, or improve feed efficiency.
40
How are growth-promoting drugs sometimes administered in food animals?
They are sometimes implanted in the skin for slow release.
41
List some hormones that may be included in growth-promoting products.
* Estradiol * Progesterone * Testosterone * Trenbolone * Zeranol
42
What is bovine somatotropin (BST) used for?
To increase milk and meat production in cattle.
43
What concern exists regarding BST in food products?
It may affect humans consuming the meat and milk as residue.
44
What are anabolic steroids used for in animals?
To promote growth and appetite.
45
Name two anabolic steroids used to help animals gain weight.
* Stanozolol * Boldenone
46
How are anabolic steroids different from corticosteroids?
Anabolic steroids promote growth; corticosteroids like prednisone do not.
47
How are anabolic steroids regulated?
They are regulated as controlled substances.
48
What should be monitored regarding anabolic steroids?
They need to be closely monitored for human abuse.
49
What is the hypophyseal portal system?
A system that transports releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary ## Footnote The hypophyseal portal system is a network of blood vessels that connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, allowing for quick signaling and regulation of hormone release.
50
What are trophic hormones?
Hormones produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulate other glands to produce hormones ## Footnote Trophic hormones influence other organs or tissues to produce secondary hormones that affect various bodily functions.
51
List some trophic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary.
* Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) * Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) * Luteinizing hormone (LH) * Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) * Prolactin (LTH) * Growth hormone (GH or somatotropin) ## Footnote Each hormone has specific target organs and functions in the body, influencing various physiological processes.
52
What is the function of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)?
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4) ## Footnote T3 and T4 are important for regulating the metabolic rate of all tissues in the body.
53
What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?
* Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone) * Oxytocin ## Footnote These hormones are produced in the hypothalamus and are stored in the posterior pituitary for later release.
54
How are the hormones of the posterior pituitary classified?
Direct-acting hormones ## Footnote Direct-acting hormones produce their effects directly in the target organ without the need for a secondary hormone.
55
Fill in the blank: The anterior pituitary releases _______ hormones that indirectly affect target organs.
trophic
56
True or False: The hormones of the posterior pituitary are stored and then released into the circulation.
True
57
What is the primary role of vasopressin?
To regulate water retention in the kidneys ## Footnote Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone, helps control the body's water balance.
58
What is the primary role of oxytocin?
To stimulate uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding ## Footnote Oxytocin plays a crucial role in reproductive functions and bonding.

pharmacology prt 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions