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pharmacology prt 2 > Opthalmic system book > Flashcards

Opthalmic system book Flashcards

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1
Q

What are ocular anesthetics used for?

A

Used during tonometry or for relief of corneal pain during ocular examination

Ocular anesthetics help facilitate procedures by numbing the eye.

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2
Q

What is the clinical use of Proparacaine Hydrogen Chloride?

A

Topical anesthetic for various ophthalmic procedures

Proparacaine is effective in numbing the eye for procedures like tonometry.

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3
Q

How should Proparacaine Hydrogen Chloride be stored?

A

Protected from light and refrigerated

Proper storage is crucial to maintain its efficacy.

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4
Q

What are the dosage forms of Proparacaine HCl?

A

Drops placed in the eye: Proparacaine HCL, Parcaine, Alcaine

Different brands may be available but contain the same active ingredient.

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5
Q

What are the adverse side effects of Proparacaine?

A

Side effects are uncommon

Generally considered safe for use in ophthalmic procedures.

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6
Q

What is the clinical use of Tetracaine HCl?

A

Produces local anesthesia of short duration for ophthalmic procedures

Useful for quick procedures where temporary numbing is needed.

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7
Q

What are the dosage forms of Tetracaine HCl?

A

Drops placed in the eye: Tetracaine HCL, Altacaine

Similar to Proparacaine, Tetracaine is also administered as eye drops.

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8
Q

What are the adverse side effects of Tetracaine?

A

May be more irritating than proparacaine; prolonged use can cause delayed wound healing, corneal ulcers, and retard the blink reflex

Caution is advised when using Tetracaine, especially for extended periods.

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9
Q

True or False: Tetracaine is often used in veterinary medicine.

A

False

Tetracaine is only sometimes used in veterinary settings due to its irritant properties.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: Repeated use of Tetracaine may cause development of _______.

A

tolerance to the drug

This can lead to reduced effectiveness over time.

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11
Q

What are parasympathomimetics also known as?

A

Miotics

Parasympathomimetics are drugs that induce contraction of the intraocular smooth muscle (miosis) to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP).

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12
Q

What is the clinical use of Carbachol?

A

Causes miosis in the treatment of glaucoma

Veterinary ophthalmologists may also use it postoperatively to prevent increased IOP.

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13
Q

What dosage form is Carbachol available in?

A

Intracameral injection

Miostat Intraocular is the specific product name.

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14
Q

What are some adverse side effects reported in humans for Carbachol?

A

Headaches, muscle spasms of accommodation, retinal detachment, iritis

These side effects are noted postoperatively.

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15
Q

What is the role of Pilocarpine HCl in veterinary medicine?

A

Cholinergic agonist (miotic) used in canine primary glaucoma

It has largely been replaced by beta-blockers and prostaglandin agents.

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16
Q

What are the dosage forms of Pilocarpine HCl?

A

Various solutions and gels

Includes Isopto Carpine and Piloptic.

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17
Q

What are the adverse effects of Pilocarpine HCl?

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation, bronchiolar spasm, pulmonary edema

Should not be used in secondary glaucoma cases.

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18
Q

What is the clinical use of Demecarium Bromide?

A

Reduces IOP for up to 48 hours in dogs

It causes miosis and is used to manage potential glaucoma.

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19
Q

What dosage form is Demecarium Bromide available in?

A

Ophthalmic drops

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20
Q

What are some adverse side effects associated with Demecarium Bromide?

A

Ciliary muscle spasm, headache, blurred vision, local inflammation, vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation

Caution in pregnant animals and with other cholinesterase inhibitors.

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21
Q

What are sympathomimetics also known as?

A

Alpha 2 -agonists

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22
Q

What is the clinical use of Apraclonidine?

A

Reduces aqueous humor formation

Effects noted 3 to 5 hours after a single dose.

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23
Q

What dosage form is Apraclonidine available in?

A

Ophthalmic solution (Iopidine)

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24
Q

What are the adverse side effects of Apraclonidine?

A

Conjunctival blanching, mydriasis

Do not use in cats due to potential severe side effects.

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25
What is the clinical use of Brimonidine?
Treats elevated IOP, reduces aqueous humor formation, increases uveoscleral outflow
26
What dosage forms are available for Brimonidine?
Ophthalmic solution ## Footnote Includes Alphagan P and Combigan.
27
What are the side effects of Brimonidine?
Allergic conjunctivitis, eye itching, eye irritation
28
What is the clinical use of Epinephrine in ophthalmology?
Causes mydriasis and prevents bleeding after intraocular surgical procedures
29
What dosage form is Epinephrine available in?
Topical ophthalmic solution ## Footnote Includes Epifrin and Glaucon.
30
What are the adverse side effects of Epinephrine?
Possible eye irritation at administration
31
What is the primary use of Timolol?
Prevent glaucoma in the contralateral eye of a dog with primary glaucoma
32
What dosage forms is Timolol available in?
Ophthalmic solution; no veterinary product available ## Footnote Timoptic is the human label product.
33
What are the adverse side effects of Timolol?
Miosis in dogs and cats; may trigger bronchospasms in cats with asthma
34
What is the clinical use of Brinzolamide HCl?
Reduces aqueous humor production in animals with glaucoma
35
What dosage form is Brinzolamide HCl available in?
Ophthalmic topical solution (Azopt)
36
What are the adverse side effects of Brinzolamide HCl?
Burning and irritation ## Footnote Cats are more susceptible to irritation.
37
What is the clinical use of Dorzolamide HCl?
Used for secondary glaucoma in dogs and cats; decreases IOP
38
What dosage forms is Dorzolamide HCl available in?
Ophthalmic topical solution ## Footnote Includes Trusopt and Cosopt.
39
What are the adverse side effects of Dorzolamide HCl?
Stinging sensation in cats; hypersensitivity may occur
40
What are some other carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
* Acetazolamide (Diamox) * Dichlorphenamide (Daranide) * Methazolamide (Neptazane)
41
What is the clinical use of Latanoprost?
Reduces IOP, especially in canine primary glaucoma cases
42
What dosage form is Latanoprost available in?
Ophthalmic solution (Xalatan)
43
What are the adverse side effects of Latanoprost?
Topical irritation, hyperemia of the conjunctiva
44
What is the clinical use of Bimatoprost?
Lowers IOP in patients with glaucoma
45
What dosage forms is Bimatoprost available in?
Ophthalmic drops (Lumigan)
46
What are the adverse side effects of Bimatoprost?
Topical irritation, hyperemia of the conjunctiva
47
What do osmotic agents do in the treatment of glaucoma?
Increase osmotic pressure of plasma to draw fluid out of the intraocular environment
48
What is the clinical use of Cyclopentolate?
Induces mydriasis and cycloplegia for diagnostic purposes
49
What dosage form is Cyclopentolate available in?
Ophthalmic solution (Cyclogyl)
50
What are the adverse side effects of Cyclopentolate?
Stinging sensations, irritation ## Footnote Increases IOP; contraindicated in animals with glaucoma.
51
What is the clinical use of Phenylephrine HCl?
Induces mydriasis before cataract removal and controls bleeding
52
What dosage form is Phenylephrine HCl available in?
Ophthalmic solution (Altafrin, Neofrin)
53
What are the adverse side effects of Phenylephrine HCl?
Local irritation; stromal clouding in cats and rabbits if corneal epithelium is damaged
54
What is the clinical use of Atropine Sulfate?
Controls pain from corneal and/or uveal disease, dilates pupil for examination or surgery
55
What dosage forms is Atropine Sulfate available in?
Ophthalmic solution or ointment (Atrophate)
56
What are the adverse side effects of Atropine Sulfate?
Mydriasis, accommodation paralysis, hypersalivation in cats ## Footnote May decrease tear production; caution in horses.
57
What is the clinical use of Tropicamide?
Induces mydriasis for funduscopic examinations
58
What dosage form is Tropicamide available in?
Ophthalmic solution (Mydriacyl)
59
What are the adverse side effects of Tropicamide?
Hypersalivation, stinging, may decrease tear production
60
What is the clinical use of Cromolyn Sodium?
Blocks release of histamine from mast cells, treats allergic conjunctivitis
61
What dosage form is Cromolyn Sodium available in?
Ophthalmic solution (Crolom, Opticrom)
62
What are the adverse side effects of Cromolyn Sodium?
Stinging sensation at administration
63
What is the clinical use of Olopatadine HCl?
Relieves symptoms of ocular allergies (pruritis)
64
What dosage form is Olopatadine HCl available in?
Ophthalmic solution (Patanol)
65
What are the clinical uses of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents?
* Control inflammation * Provide pain relief * Postoperative use for corneal healing * Treat allergic conjunctivitis
66
What are some examples of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents?
* Bromfenac * Diclofenac sodium * Flurbiprofen sodium * Ketorolac tromethamine * Nepafenac * Suprofen
67
What are the adverse side effects of Bromfenac?
Not to be used in patients with known hypersensitivity
68
What is the clinical use of Prednisolone?
Treatment of anterior uveitis and uveitis in horses
69
What dosage forms is Prednisolone available in?
Suspension drops can be compounded ## Footnote Includes Pred Forte and Omnipred.
70
What are the adverse side effects of Prednisolone?
Uncommon
71
What is the clinical use of Dexamethasone?
Used for antiinflammatory purposes
72
What dosage forms is Dexamethasone available in?
Ophthalmic solution and ointment
73
What is the clinical use of Betamethasone?
Antimicrobial-steroid combination for inflammatory conditions of the eye
74
What dosage form is Betamethasone available in?
Ophthalmic drops can be compounded
75
What are the clinical uses of Fluorometholone?
Used for antiinflammatory purposes
76
What dosage forms is Fluorometholone available in?
Ophthalmic ointment and suspension ## Footnote Includes FML and Flarex.
77
What are the adverse side effects of Fluorometholone?
High concentrations may raise IOP
78
What is the clinical use of Loteprednol?
Used for antiinflammatory purposes; not suitable to raise IOP
79
What dosage forms is Loteprednol available in?
Ophthalmic suspension ## Footnote Includes Lotemax and Alrex.
80
What are the adverse side effects of Loteprednol?
Do not use to treat herpes keratitis or if corneal ulceration is suspected
81
What is the clinical use of Rimexolone?
Used for antiinflammatory purposes
82
What dosage form is Rimexolone available in?
Ophthalmic suspension (Vexol)
83
What is the clinical use of Morphine Sulfate?
Corneal ulcer pain relief and lessens blepharospasms
84
What dosage forms is Morphine Sulfate available in?
No veterinary- or human-label products available ## Footnote May be compounded as a solution.
85
What is the clinical use of Amikacin Sulfate?
Treats corneal infections and bacterial endophthalmitis
86
What dosage forms is Amikacin Sulfate available in?
Not available as a veterinary- or human-label drug ## Footnote Must be compounded into a topical preparation.
87
What is the clinical use of Amikacin Sulfate?
Treatment of corneal infections and bacterial endophthalmitis ## Footnote Does not cause retinal toxic effects
88
What dosage forms are available for Amikacin Sulfate?
Not available as a veterinary- or human-label drug; must be compounded into a topical preparation
89
What is Neomycin Sulfate used to treat?
Superficial corneal ulcers and infections of the ocular surface
90
What are the common dosage forms for Neomycin Sulfate?
Ophthalmic ointment and ophthalmic solution, often as a combination with bacitracin and polymyxin B
91
What adverse side effect can Neomycin cause?
Contact sensitivity; should not be used in patients with a history of this problem
92
What is the primary clinical use of Gentamicin Sulfate?
Keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa
93
What should be noted about the use of Gentamicin?
Do not use if there is corneal penetration as it is toxic to the interior of the eye
94
What is Tobramycin Sulfate used for?
Ocular infections of Pseudomonas aeruginosa
95
What dosage forms are available for Tobramycin?
Ophthalmic ointment and ophthalmic solution; no veterinary-label products available
96
What is Chloramphenicol's mechanism of action?
Broad-spectrum antibiotic that crosses the corneal barrier
97
Which bacteria are susceptible to Chloramphenicol?
Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp.
98
What is Polymyxin B primarily effective against?
Gram-negative organisms
99
What is the clinical use of Sulfacetamide?
Treatment of conjunctivitis and superficial eye infections
100
What are common adverse side effects of Sulfacetamide?
Gastrointestinal disturbances, allergies, renal damage, damage to lacrimal acinar cells
101
What is the clinical use of Vancomycin in veterinary medicine?
Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in rabbits
102
What should be considered when using Amphotericin B?
Cannot be reconstituted with sodium chloride; only with sterile water
103
What is Natamycin used to treat?
Superficial equine fungal keratitis
104
What are the potential adverse side effects of Natamycin?
Worsening of corneal edema
105
What is the clinical use of Povidone Iodine?
Chemical débridement of loose epithelium in canine ulcers
106
What is the consequence of leaving Povidone Iodine solutions in the eye for too long?
Corneal epithelial damage
107
What is the dosage form of Itraconazole?
Not commercially available; must be prepared through a compounding pharmacy
108
What is Trifluridine used to treat?
Feline herpes virus infections of the eye
109
What are the adverse side effects of Trifluridine?
Irritation of conjunctiva and eyelid margins; frequent administration needed
110
What is the primary clinical use of Cyclosporine?
Treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS)
111
What is the dosage form of Cyclosporine?
Ophthalmic ointment (Optimmune)
112
What should be avoided when handling Tacrolimus?
Contact with skin due to cancer association
113
What are ocular lubricants used for?
Lubrication for dry eyes and relief of eye irritation
114
What is the purpose of anticollagenase agents?
Treat corneal ulcers by stopping the melting effect of collagenases
115
What is the clinical use of Acetylcysteine?
No veterinary product available; must be prepared through a compounding pharmacy
116
What is Edetate Disodium used for?
Stop the melting effect of collagenases and remove superficial calcium deposits
117
What are the three major parts of the ear?
Outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
118
What are common treatments for ear problems?
Topical medications, systemic medications, cleansing agents, drying agents, parasiticides
119
What is the shape of the ear canal?
L-shaped
120
What can result from untreated ear infections in animals?
Aural hematomas from extreme shaking of the head

pharmacology prt 2 (4 decks)

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