Endocrine and Hormonal System book Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
What does LH release cause in the reproductive cycle?
A
Ovulation of the mature follicle and formation of a corpus luteum
This event signals the beginning of diestrus and the luteal phase of the cycle.
2
Q
What hormone does the corpus luteum produce, and what is its role?
A
Progesterone; it prepares the uterus for pregnancy
It maintains a uterine environment conducive to pregnancy.
3
Q
What happens to progesterone levels during pregnancy?
A
They serve as negative feedback to prevent the release of GnRH and the development of new follicles.
4
Q
What does increased ACTH from the fetus cause near the end of gestation?
A
Increased cortisol production by the adrenal glands.
5
Q
What are the effects of increased cortisol levels during the end of gestation?
A
Increased production of estrogen and prostaglandin by the uterus.
6
Q
What role does prostaglandin play at the end of pregnancy?
A
It causes the breakdown of the corpus luteum.
7
Q
What are gonadotropins used for in veterinary medicine?
A
Synchronization of estrus, suppression of estrus, induction of estrus, treatment of cystic ovaries, and termination of pregnancy.
8
Q
What do gonadotropins mimic in their action?
A
GnRH, LH, or FSH.
9
Q
From where can LH be obtained?
A
Pituitary glands of slaughtered animals, urine of pregnant women (hCG), or recombinant techniques.
10
Q
What does FSH cause in females and males?
A
Growth and maturation of the ovarian follicle in females; spermatogenesis in males.
11
Q
What is Gonadorelin used to treat?
A
Cystic (follicular) ovaries in dairy cattle.
12
Q
What are the dosage forms of Gonadorelin?
A
- Cystorelin
- Factrel
- Fertagyl
- Gonabreed.
13
Q
What is hCG and its primary clinical use?
A
A hormone mimicking LH, used to treat cystic ovaries in dairy cattle.
14
Q
What are some dosage forms of hCG?
A
- Follutein
- P.G. 600
- Chorulon.
15
Q
What does FSH stimulate in veterinary medicine?
A
Superovulation and out-of-season breeding.
16
Q
What are the clinical uses of estrogens in cattle?
A
- Treat persistent corpus luteum
- Expel purulent material from the uterus
- Expel retained placentas
- Promote weight gain.
17
Q
What are some dosage forms of estrogens?
A
- Estradiol cypionate
- Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
- Estriol.
18
Q
What are the adverse side effects of estrogens?
A
- Severe anemia
- Prolonged estrus
- Genital irritation.
19
Q
What are androgens and their role?
A
Male sex hormones necessary for growth of male sex organs and secondary male characteristics.
20
Q
What are some injectable forms of testosterone?
A
- Methyltestosterone
- Testosterone Cypionate
- Testosterone Enanthate.
21
Q
What is mibolerone used for?
A
Prevention of estrus in dogs.
22
Q
What are the adverse side effects of mibolerone?
A
- Premature epiphyseal closure
- Vaginitis in immature females.
steriod prevents estrus
23
Q
What are progestins similar to?
A
Progesterone.
24
Q
What is the clinical use of megestrol acetate?
A
Control of estrus and treatment of false pregnancy in dogs.
25
What are the dosage forms of medroxyprogesterone acetate?
| derivative of progesterone
* Depo-Provera (injection)
* Provera (tablets).
26
What is altrenogest used for?
Suppress estrus in mares and sexually mature gilts.
27
What is the primary clinical use of prostaglandin F2alpha?
Lysis of the corpus luteum.
28
What is dinoprost tromethamine used for?
Estrus synchronization and treatment of pyometra in cattle.
29
What is Dinoprost Tromethamine?
A salt of the naturally occurring prostaglandin F2alpha used in cattle, horses, and swine
## Footnote
It has accepted clinical uses in dogs, cats, sheep, and goats.
30
What are the clinical uses of Dinoprost Tromethamine in cattle?
* Estrus synchronization
* Treatment of silent estrus
* Pyometra
* Abortion of feedlot and nonlactating cattle
## Footnote
It can also control the timing of estrus in cycling mares.
31
What adverse side effects can occur with Dinoprost Tromethamine?
* Sweating (horses)
* Abdominal pain (horses, dogs, cats, swine)
* Urination/defecation (dogs, cats, swine)
* Dyspnea and panting (dogs, cats)
* Tachycardia (dogs)
* Increased vocalization (cats, swine)
## Footnote
Most side effects are self-limiting.
32
What is Cloprostenol Sodium?
An analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha for use in cattle
## Footnote
It is chemically similar to dinoprost and fenprostalene.
33
What are the clinical uses of Cloprostenol Sodium?
* Treatment of luteal cysts
* Mummified fetuses
* Termination of pregnancy
* Estrus synchronization
| prostaglandin effects estrus
## Footnote
Labeled for uses similar to those of dinoprost.
34
What are the adverse side effects of Cloprostenol Sodium at high doses?
* Uneasiness
* Frothing at the mouth
* Milk letdown
| synthetic prostaglandin
## Footnote
Care should be taken during administration.
35
What is the primary function of Oxytocin?
To cause stronger uterine contractions and aid in delivery
## Footnote
It is also responsible for milk letdown.
36
What are the clinical uses of Oxytocin?
* Augment uterine contractions during delivery
* Aid in delivery of the placenta
* Facilitate uterine involution
* Induce milk letdown
* Assist in treatment of agalactia in sows
## Footnote
It should be used only when the cervix is sufficiently dilated.
37
What are the dosage forms of Oxytocin?
Oxytocin injection; generic form from many sources.
38
True or False: Prostaglandins can stimulate uterine smooth muscle.
True
39
What group of hormones do corticosteroids belong to?
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex primarily used for their anti-inflammatory effect
## Footnote
They can induce parturition in the last trimester of pregnancy.
40
What is Bromocriptine used for?
Mainly for pregnancy termination after mis-mating or treatment of pseudopregnancy in dogs.
41
What is the function of Cabergoline?
Used in dogs and cats for reduction of milk production, pregnancy termination, and estrus induction.
42
What is Leuprolide?
A synthetic analogue of GnRH used for treatment of adrenal endocrinopathy in ferrets and inappropriate egg laying in cockatiels.
43
What is the role of Melatonin in animals?
Produced in the pineal gland, used for treatment of alopecia in dogs, sleep disorders, and improving breeding and ovulation in sheep and goats.
44
What are pheromones?
Odors released by animals that influence behavior of other animals of the same species.
45
What is the first commercially available pheromone?
A boar odor aerosol called SOA/Sex used for heat detection in sows and gilts.
46
What is the function of thyroid hormones?
Regulate metabolism and are produced by the thyroid gland in response to TSH from the anterior pituitary.
47
What are the two metabolically active hormones produced by the thyroid gland?
* T3
* T4
## Footnote
T4 is also called thyroxine and is found in higher levels than T3.
48
Fill in the blank: T3 is considered to be the _______ form at the cellular level.
active
49
What do thyroid hormones control in the body?
Thyroid hormones control:
* Metabolic rate
* Growth and development
* Body temperature
* Heart rate
* Metabolism of nutrients
* Skin condition
* Resistance to infection
50
What are the two abnormalities of thyroid function in veterinary medicine?
The two abnormalities are:
* Hypothyroidism (low production of thyroid hormone)
* Hyperthyroidism (overproduction of thyroid hormone)
51
What are common clinical signs of hypothyroidism in dogs?
Common signs include:
* Lethargy
* Weight gain
* Cold intolerance
* Dry and scaly haircoat
* Decreased function of the estrous cycle
* Bradycardia
52
What are common clinical signs of hyperthyroidism in older cats?
Common signs include:
* Weight loss despite increased appetite
* Heat intolerance
* Restlessness
* Hyperexcitability
* Polyuria
* Polydipsia
* Tachycardia
53
How is the diagnosis of thyroid conditions made?
Diagnosis is made by:
* Observing clinical signs
* Measuring serum levels of T3 and T4 before and after TSH administration
54
What causes goiter in hypothyroid conditions?
Goiter is caused by inadequate levels of iodide in the diet.
55
What is the primary treatment for hypothyroidism?
The primary treatment is supplementation of thyroid hormones on a daily basis.
56
What is the compound of choice for treating hypothyroidism?
Synthetic thyroxine (T4) is considered the compound of choice.
57
What is Levothyroxine Sodium (T4) used for?
Levothyroxine is used for the treatment of hypothyroid conditions.
58
What are the dosage forms of Levothyroxine?
Dosage forms include:
* Levothyroxine tablets (Thyro-Tabs) for dogs
* Levothyroxine powder (Thyro-L) for horses
* Equine Thyroid Supplement
59
What is Liothyronine Sodium (T3) used for?
Liothyronine sodium is used for the treatment of hypothyroidism in cases that respond poorly to T4.
60
What are the dosage forms of Liothyronine?
Dosage forms include:
* Triostat (human label)
* Cytomel (human label)
## Footnote
treats hypothyroidism
61
What is thyrotropin alpha used for in veterinary medicine?
Thyrotropin alpha is used as an aid in the diagnosis of hypothyroidism.
62
What are the two antithyroid drugs used for treating hyperthyroidism?
The two drugs are:
* Methimazole
* Carbimazole
63
What is the mechanism of action of Methimazole?
Methimazole interferes with incorporation of iodine into the precursor molecules of T3 and T4.
64
What are the dosage forms of Methimazole?
Dosage forms include:
* Methimazole tablets (Felimazole) for cats
* Methimazole tablets (Tapazole) (human approved)
* Compounded oral liquid or transdermal gel
65
What are the clinical uses of Carbimazole?
Carbimazole is used for the treatment of feline hyperthyroidism.
66
What is radioactive iodine (I-131) used for?
Radioactive iodine is used to destroy overproductive thyroid tissue.
67
What are the clinical signs of hypoadrenocorticism (Addison's Disease)?
Clinical signs include:
* Hypotension
* Dehydration
* Hypoglycemia
* Hyponatremia
* Azotemia
* Hyperkalemia
68
What is desoxycorticosterone pivalate (DOCP)?
DOCP is a drug that mimics the effects of aldosterone.
69
70
What is Fludrocortisone?
A mineralocorticoid alternative to DOCP used as adjunctive therapy in hyperkalemia
| its a corticosteriod, increases cortisol
## Footnote
Reference: Plumb, 2015
71
What is the dosage form of Fludrocortisone?
Florinef
72
What are some adverse side effects of Fludrocortisone?
Side effects include polyuria, polydipsia, hypertension, and hypokalemia
73
What is Dexamethasone?
A glucocorticoid used to treat antiinflammatory, immune-mediated, and many other conditions
74
What is the role of Dexamethasone in adrenal insufficiency?
It replaces glucocorticoid activity and will not interfere with cortisol assays
75
What are some dosage forms of Dexamethasone?
Azium, Dexasone, DexaJect, and many other generic brands
| corticoid
76
What are the side effects associated with corticosteroids like Dexamethasone?
Side effects include polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, gastrointestinal ulceration, delayed wound healing, and immunosuppression
77
What is Prednisone used for?
Used to treat adrenal insufficiency, inflammatory conditions, and certain autoimmune diseases
78
does Prednisone affect cortisol assays?
It will interfere with cortisol assays
79
What are some dosage forms of Prednisone?
Deltasone and other generic brands
80
What are the side effects of Prednisone?
Side effects are very similar to dexamethasone
81
What is hyperadrenocorticism?
Also known as Cushing’s syndrome, it is one of the most commonly diagnosed endocrine disorders in dogs and horses
82
What concurrent condition is often seen in cats with Cushing’s syndrome?
Concurrent diabetes mellitus
83
What causes the signs associated with Cushing’s syndrome?
An excess of circulating glucocorticoids, especially cortisol
84
What is the function of cortisol?
Helps the body respond to stress, mobilizes nutrients, modifies the response to inflammation, raises blood glucose levels, and controls water amount in the body
85
What are the two forms of spontaneous Cushing’s syndrome?
* Pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)
* Adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH)
86
What is pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (PDH)?
The most common spontaneous case, often due to a benign tumor of the pituitary gland
87
What is adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism (ADH)?
A less common form occurring due to a tumor of one or both adrenal glands, producing large amounts of cortisol independent of ACTH
88
What is Cushing’s syndrome in equine patients different from that in dogs?
It results from pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and adrenal gland tumors are rare in horses
89
What is Ketoconazole?
An antifungal agent that can be used in the treatment of hyperadrenocorticism if other agents are not effective
90
How does Ketoconazole work?
It inhibits the synthesis of glucocorticoids and androgens
91
What is the dosage form of Ketoconazole?
Ketoconazole tablets, human label
92
What are some adverse side effects of Ketoconazole?
Side effects include vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia
93
What is Metyrapone used to treat in cats?
Hyperadrenocorticism, especially for stabilization before adrenalectomy
## Footnote
Metyrapone is also known as Metopirone.
94
What is the dosage form of Metyrapone?
Oral capsule, human label
95
How well is Metyrapone tolerated in cats?
Relatively well tolerated
96
What is Mitotane used to treat?
PDH (Pituitary-Dependent Hyperadrenocorticism)
97
What type of agent is Mitotane?
Adrenal cytotoxic agent
98
What are some side effects of Mitotane?
Lethargy, ataxia, weakness, vomiting, diarrhea
## Footnote
Long-term glucocorticoid and possibly mineralocorticoid replacement therapy may be needed.
99
What is Selegiline used for in dogs?
Cognitive dysfunction and PDH
100
What type of inhibitor is Selegiline?
Monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) inhibitor
101
What are some side effects of Selegiline?
Vomiting, diarrhea, restlessness, salivation
102
What is Trilostane used to treat?
PDH or hyperadrenocorticism due to adrenal tumors in dogs
103
What is the dosage form of Trilostane?
Capsules (Vetoryl)
104
What are some side effects of Trilostane?
Loss of appetite, lethargy, weakness, diarrhea, vomiting
105
What hormones does the pancreas produce?
Insulin and glucagon
106
What is the role of insulin?
Decreases blood glucose levels
107
What is type I diabetes mellitus?
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus due to inadequate secretion of insulin
108
What is type II diabetes mellitus?
Noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) due to tissue resistance to insulin
109
Which type of diabetes mellitus is most common in dogs and cats?
Type I diabetes mellitus
110
What are common clinical signs of diabetes mellitus?
Polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia, weight loss
111
What condition can untreated diabetes mellitus progress to?
Diabetic ketoacidosis
112
What should be avoided in diabetic animals due to their effect on blood glucose levels?
Corticosteroids, epinephrine, and progesterone
113
How is insulin usually administered?
Subcutaneous injection
114
Why is insulin not effective when given orally?
It is broken down by the digestive tract
115
What are the sources of insulin historically used?
Beef or pork pancreas
116
What are the currently approved animal-labeled insulin products in the U.S.?
ProZinc and Vetsulin
117
How is insulin concentration measured?
In units of insulin per milliliter
118
What are the common concentrations of insulin available?
U-40 and U-100
119
What color tops do U-40 and U-100 syringes have?
U-40 syringes have a red top, U-100 syringes have an orange top
120
What sizes are U-100 syringes available in?
0.3 mL (30 units), 0.5 mL (50 units), 1.0 mL (100 units)
121
What sizes are U-40 syringes available in?
0.3 mL (12 units), 0.5 mL (20 units), 1.0 mL (40 units)
122
What does each mark on a U-40 syringe denote?
1 unit of insulin
123
How are 100-unit, 1-mL syringes marked?
In 2-unit increments or in 1-unit increments
124
What is the conversion factor when using U-100 syringes for U-40 insulin?
Multiply the required units of U-40 insulin by 2.5
125
What are the standard needle lengths for insulin syringes?
1/2 or 5/16 inches
126
What are the standard gauges for insulin syringes?
28, 29, and 31
127
How is insulin classified?
According to its duration of action: short acting, intermediate acting, long acting
128
What is regular insulin classified as?
Short-acting insulin
129
What are two examples of intermediate-acting insulins?
* Neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) * Lente (porcine insulin zinc suspension)
130
Name three long-acting insulin products.
* Glargine * Detemir * Protamine zinc insulin (PZI)
131
What is the primary clinical use of regular crystalline insulin?
Treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis
132
What are the common dosage forms of regular insulin?
* Humulin R (U-100) * Novolin R (U-100)
133
What adverse side effects are associated with insulin overdose?
* Weakness * Ataxia * Shaking * Seizures
134
What should be done before withdrawing NPH insulin from the bottle?
Resuspend by gently rolling the bottle
135
What is a key characteristic of Lantus insulin?
Marketed as a peakless insulin
| long lasting
136
What is the primary clinical use of Glargine insulin?
Treatment of uncomplicated diabetes mellitus
137
What is the FDA-approved form of Protamine zinc insulin for cats?
ProZinc (U-40)
138
What should technicians familiarize themselves with when counseling clients about insulin products?
The products they are using
139
How does exercise level affect insulin activity?
It may influence insulin activity
140
What are the possible clinical signs of insulin overdose?
* Mild weakness * Coma
141
What is a cost-effective alternative for insulin products mentioned in the text?
ReliOn (Walmart) line of products
142
What is Sulfonylurea (glipizide) used for?
It is an oral hypoglycemic agent that promotes insulin secretion from the pancreas.
143
In which cases is glipizide recommended for use in cats?
Only for owners who refuse insulin therapy and with concurrent dietary therapy.
144
What are hyperglycemic agents?
Drugs that incidentally elevate blood glucose levels.
145
Name two products used to treat low blood glucose levels associated with insulinoma.
* Diazoxide (Proglycem)
* Octreotide (Sandostatin)
146
What is the primary sex steroid used to promote weight gain?
Estrogen (estradiol).
147
List the mechanisms by which estradiol promotes weight gain.
* Increased water retention
* Increased protein synthesis
* Increased fat deposition
* Possible increased release of growth hormone (bovine somatotropin [BST])
148
What role does testosterone play in growth promotion?
It is used as an adjunct to estradiol and is an anabolic agent.
149
What is the function of progesterone in growth-promoting products?
To slow the release of estradiol.
150
What is trenbolone?
A synthetic anabolic agent that improves feed efficiency and promotes weight gain in steers.
151
What is zeranol?
An analogue of a naturally occurring plant estrogen that increases feed efficiency, protein synthesis, and growth rate.
152
Where are growth-promoting pellets implanted in cattle and sheep?
In the subcutaneous tissue of the dorsal, middle third of the ear.
153
What are the clinical uses of growth-promoting drugs?
To promote feed efficiency and weight gain in calves, steers, heifers, or sheep.
154
What is the dosage form of estradiol/progesterone implant for calves?
Synovex C.
155
What side effects may occur with growth-promoting products?
* Mounting
* Elevated tail heads
* Rectal prolapse
* Udder development
156
What is the role of growth hormone (somatotropin)?
To stimulate growth and promote anabolic activity.
157
What significant claim has been made regarding somatotropin's effect on milk production?
A 20% boost in milk production in dairy cows.
158
What is the FDA-approved recombinant BST product?
Posilac.
159
What are anabolic steroids?
Steroids that produce a tissue-building (anabolic) effect.
160
What are the clinical uses of anabolic steroids?
* Anorexia
* Weight loss
* Debilitation
* Overwork
* Overtraining
* Some forms of anemia
161
What is Stanozolol used for?
Treatment of anorexia, debilitation, weight loss, overwork, and anemia.
162
What are the dosage forms of Stanozolol?
* Sterile suspension for injection in dogs, cats, and horses (Winstrol-V)
* Tablets for use in dogs and cats (Winstrol-V)
163
What adverse side effects may occur with Stanozolol?
Mild androgenic effects after prolonged use or overdose.
164
What is Boldenone undecylenate used for?
As an aid in the treatment of debilitated horses.
165
What is the dosage form of Boldenone undecylenate?
Boldenone injection for horses (Equipoise).
166
What adverse side effects may occur with Boldenone undecylenate?
Androgenic effects such as over aggressiveness.
167
True or False: Most growth-promoting implants should be given to animals intended for breeding purposes.
False.
168
Fill in the blank: Anabolic steroid administration causes _______.
positive nitrogen balance.
