Endocrine ans Reproductive Systems (Lab Test 2) Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
A
2
Q
What is the primary function of the pituitary gland?
A
To regulate various hormonal functions in the body, acting as the ‘master gland’.
3
Q
True or False: The thyroid gland produces hormones that regulate metabolism.
A
True
4
Q
Fill in the blank: The adrenal glands produce hormones such as ________ and ________.
A
cortisol; adrenaline
5
Q
What hormone is primarily produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar levels?
A
Insulin
6
Q
Which organ is responsible for producing testosterone in males?
A
Testes
7
Q
What is the role of the ovaries in the female reproductive system?
A
To produce eggs and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
8
Q
Multiple Choice: Which hormone is responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics?
A
Estrogen
9
Q
What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?
A
To control the pituitary gland and regulate hormonal release.
10
Q
True or False: The thymus gland is involved in the immune system and produces thymosin.
A
True
11
Q
Fill in the blank: The ________ secretes hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood.
A
parathyroid gland
12
Q
What is the main function of the adrenal medulla?
A
To produce catecholamines, such as adrenaline and noradrenaline.
13
Q
Which hormone is released by the posterior pituitary gland?
A
Oxytocin
14
Q
Multiple Choice: Which organ is involved in both the endocrine and reproductive systems?
A
Ovaries
15
Q
What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?
A
To produce progesterone after ovulation.
16
Q
True or False: The pancreas functions only as an endocrine organ.
A
False
17
Q
Fill in the blank: The ________ is responsible for the maturation of T-cells in the immune system.
A
thymus
18
Q
What hormone does the pineal gland produce?
A
Melatonin
19
Q
Which hormone is primarily responsible for the regulation of the menstrual cycle?
A
Estrogen
20
Q
What is the function of the luteinizing hormone (LH)?
A
To trigger ovulation and stimulate testosterone production.
21
Q
Multiple Choice: Which gland is often referred to as the ‘master endocrine gland’?
A
Pituitary gland
22
Q
True or False: The testes produce both sperm and hormones.
A
True
23
Q
Fill in the blank: The ________ regulates metabolic processes and influences growth and development.
A
thyroid gland
24
Q
What is the primary role of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)?
A
To stimulate the growth of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males.
25
Which organ produces relaxin during pregnancy?
Ovaries
26
True or False: The adrenal cortex produces cortisol, which helps the body respond to stress.
True
27
Fill in the blank: The ________ is involved in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance.
kidneys
28
What is the function of the interstitial cells in the testes?
To produce testosterone.
29
Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the uterus?
To support fetal development during pregnancy.
30
What hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
31
True or False: The hypothalamus does not play a role in hormone regulation.
False
32
Fill in the blank: The ________ helps in the regulation of the body's circadian rhythms.
pineal gland
33
What is the main hormone produced by the follicle cells in the ovaries?
Estrogen
34
Which organ serves as a site for sperm maturation?
Epididymis
35
Multiple Choice: What is the primary function of the prostate gland?
To produce seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.
36
True or False: The adrenal glands are located on top of the kidneys.
True
37
Fill in the blank: The ________ is responsible for the release of hormones that stimulate the adrenal cortex.
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
38
What is the purpose of the Sertoli cells in the testes?
To nourish and support developing sperm cells.
39
Which hormone triggers the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?
Testosterone
40
True or False: The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus.
True
41
Fill in the blank: The ________ regulates the body's metabolism and energy levels.
thyroid hormones
42
What is the primary function of the vas deferens?
To transport sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
43
Multiple Choice: Which hormone is produced by the anterior pituitary gland?
Growth hormone
44
True or False: The ovaries are responsible for sperm production.
False
45
46
What body cavity contains the thyroid gland?
The neck cavity (cervical region).
47
True or False: The adrenal glands are located in the thoracic cavity.
False.
48
Fill in the blank: The pituitary gland is located in the __________ cavity.
cranial cavity.
49
What body cavity houses the pancreas?
Abdominal cavity.
50
Multiple choice: Where are the ovaries located?
a) Abdominal cavity
51
What cavity do the testes occupy?
Scrotal cavity.
52
True or False: The thymus gland is located in the abdominal cavity.
False.
53
Fill in the blank: The hypothalamus is found in the __________ cavity.
cranial cavity.
54
What body cavity contains the uterus?
Pelvic cavity.
55
Multiple choice: The adrenal glands are located in which cavity?
b) Abdominal cavity
56
What is the location of the parathyroid glands?
Neck cavity (posterior to the thyroid).
57
True or False: The testicles are found in the abdominal cavity.
False.
58
Fill in the blank: The prostate gland is located in the __________ cavity.
pelvic cavity.
59
What body cavity contains the pituitary gland?
Cranial cavity.
60
Multiple choice: The ovaries are located in which body cavity?
a) Pelvic cavity
61
True or False: The pancreas is part of the thoracic cavity.
False.
62
What body cavity houses the testes?
Scrotal cavity.
63
Fill in the blank: The adrenal glands are located above the __________.
kidneys.
64
What body cavity contains the seminal vesicles?
Pelvic cavity.
65
Multiple choice: The thyroid gland is located in which cavity?
c) Neck cavity
66
True or False: The uterus is located in the abdominal cavity.
False.
67
What body cavity contains the ovaries?
Pelvic cavity.
68
Fill in the blank: The testes are located in the __________ cavity.
scrotal cavity.
69
What cavity houses the pancreas?
Abdominal cavity.
70
Multiple choice: The pituitary gland is located in which cavity?
a) Cranial cavity
71
True or False: The adrenal glands are located in the pelvic cavity.
False.
72
Fill in the blank: The prostate gland is found in the __________ cavity.
pelvic cavity.
73
What body cavity contains the thyroid gland?
Neck cavity.
74
What cavity houses the parathyroid glands?
Neck cavity.
75
Multiple choice: The hypothalamus is located in which body cavity?
c) Cranial cavity
76
True or False: The seminal vesicles are located in the abdominal cavity.
False.
77
What body cavity contains the thymus gland?
Thoracic cavity.
78
What cavity houses the adrenal glands?
Abdominal cavity.
79
Fill in the blank: The ovaries are located in the __________ cavity.
pelvic cavity.
80
Which hormones does the hypothalamus produce? and target of each hormone?
**Regulatory Hypothalamic Hormones (RHH)**: Targets cells in APG to stimulate or inhibit hormone release
**Oxytocin**: (released by PPG) Targets smooth muscles of myometrium during childbirth, Smooth muscles of mammary gland to release milk during breastfeeding, Stimulates hormones in limbic system to promote bonding/love
**Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)**: (Released by PPG) Targets the kidneys to retain water and the blood vessels to vasoconstrict (Increase blood pressure)
81
Which hormones does the anterior pituitary gland (APG) produce? and target of each hormone?
**Growth Hormone**: Targets muscles, bones, and cartilage to grow
**Prolactin**: Targets mammary gland to produce milk
**Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)**: Targets thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4
**Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)**: Targets Cortex of adrenal Gland to target Corticosteroids
**Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)**: Targets Testes in males to produce sperm and ovaries in women to mature primary follicle (immature eggs)
**Luteinizing Hormone (LH)**: Targets testes in males to produce testosterone and Ovaries in females to mature egg during ovulation
82
Which hormones does the pineal gland produce? and target of each hormone?
**Melatonin**: Targets neurons in the brain to produce sleep
83
Which hormones does the thyroid produce? and target of each hormone?
**T3 and T4**: Targets all cells for cell metabolism
**Calcitonin**: Targets bones to store calcium to lower levels
84
Which hormones does the parathyroid produce? and target of each hormone?
**Parathyroid Hormone**:
1. Targets bones to break down matrix and release calcium into blood
2. Targets kidneys to reabsorb calcium (keep in blood)
3. Activates Vitamin D to increase calcium absorption
85
Which hormones does the adrenal cortex produce? and target of each hormone?
**Aldosterone**: Targets kidneys to reabsorb sodium and water and to secrete potassium
**Cortisol**:
1. Targets liver cells for glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose
2. Blood vessels to vasoconstrict (Increase Blood pressure)
3. Anti Inflammatory, anti allogen
4. Suppresses Immune system
**Androgens**:
1. Gonads for Puberty
2. Skin cells for pubic hair
86
Which hormones does the adrenal medulla produce? and target of each hormone?
**Epinephrine and Norepinephrine**: Targets cells for sympathetic response (fight or flight)
87
Which hormones does the pancreas produce? and target of each hormone?
**Insulin**:
Cells to uptake glucose for metabolism
Liver to store as glycogen
**Glucagon**: Targets Liver cells to break down glycogen to increase blood glucose level
88
Which hormones does the testes produce? and target of each hormone?
**Testosterone**: Targets Cells in testes to produce sperm and cells for secondary traits (body hair, muscle mass, and fat deposits)
89
Which hormones does the ovaries produce? and target of each hormone?
**Estrogen**: Targets primary oocyte to mature and targets cells for secondary traits
**Progesterone**: Targets Endometrium to thicken
90
Functions of Hormones in spermatogenesis
**Gonadotropin**: It is a stimulating hormone released by the hypothalamus to stimulate the APG to release LH and FSH
**Luteinizing**: Released by the APG to stimulate the Leydig cells to produces testosterone
**Follicle-Stimulating hormone**: Released from the APG and will stimulate the Sertoli cells in the testes to release Androgen-Binding-Protein (ABP) which will bind to testosterone
**Testosterone (with FSH)**: Stimulates spermatogenesis to begin, the amount of sperm and testosterone is regulated through a negative feedback mechanism. Increasing the levels of testosterone will inhibit the release of more LH and FSH. Elevated levels of sperm will stimulate the production of the inhibin hormone which will inhibit the production of LH and FSH
91
Hormone fluctuation of the menstrual cycle
* **Gonadotropin releasing hormone**: Released from the hypothalamus to stimulate follicle stimulating hormones and luteinizing hormone to be released
* **Follicle Stimulating Hormone**: Released from the APG to stimulate the Primary follicle cells to release estrogen which will stimulate their maturation
* **Estrogen**: Released by the follicle cells to simulate the primary follicle (several per month but usually only one will reach full maturity) before continuing its development to become tertiary follicles. Estrogen will stimulate the endometrium to thicken to prepare for embryo implantation. Very high levels of estrogen from a mature follicle will stimulate the release of follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone from the APG to trigger ovulation.
* **Luteinizing Hormone**: Released from the APG will stimulate the granulosa and theca cells to produce estrogen and for the ovary to rupture the mature follicle and release the secondary oocyte into the oviduct in a process called ovulation. LH would be at its highest at day 14
* **Progesterone**: released by the corpus luteum stimulates the maintenance of the endometrium to prepare for the implantation of the embryo
92
Phases and hormonal changes of menstruations
* Menses (days 1-7) Low estrogen and progesterone: endometrium sheds
* Follicular (days 1-13) FSH rises: stimulates follicle growth and follicles produce estrogen. The estrogen rebuilds the endometrium
* Ovulation ( Day 14) Estrogen peak and triggers LH: Ovulation (release of an egg)
* Luteal (Days 15-28) Corpus luteum secretes progesterone and some estrogen. If there is no successful pregnancy, progesterone begins to decrease because the corpus luteum begins to degrade
93
