Endocrine Complaints 1

Question 1

The study of glands and the hormones they produce

Answer 1

Endocrinology

Question 2

What are some classic endocrine glands?

Answer 2

Pituitary
Pancreas
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Suprarenal

Question 3

What are the 3 basic mechanisms of pathology for endocrine disorders?

Answer 3

1. Hormone excess
2. Hormone deficient
3. Hormone resistance

Question 4

How do you measure obesity?

Answer 4

BMI - weight/height^2

Question 5

Obese BMI

Answer 5

Greater than or equal to 30

Question 6

Overweight BMI

Answer 6

Between 25-30

Question 7

Fat cells adapted to store excess energy efficienly

Answer 7

Obesity

Question 8

____ resistance probably plays a role in obesity

Answer 8

Leptin

Question 9

What is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 9

Multiple metabolic abnormalities that increase risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes

Question 10

Other names for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 10

Syndrome X

Insulin resistance syndrome

Question 11

Any 3 of the following can diagnose metabolic syndrome

Answer 11

1. Central obesity (greater than 35/40 for women/men waist circumference)
2. Abnormal lipids
3. BP greater than 130/85
4. Fasting glucose is greater than 100

Question 12

Best treatment for metabolic syndrome?

Answer 12

Lifestyle changes - lose weight, exercise, new diet

Question 13

Insulin resistance leading to ineffective transport of glucose into cells

Answer 13

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 14

Hyperglycemia can lead to _____ damage

Answer 14

organ

Question 15

Describe the evolution of Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 15

• Hyperinsulinemia to keep glucose levels normal
• Glucose levels start to rise - hyperglycemia
• Insulin production begins to decrease and beta cells die from overproduction
• Chronic hyperglycemia

Question 16

What is Hemoglobin A1C?

Answer 16

Blood test to measure average blood sugar levels over the past 3 months

Question 17

Main symptoms that are consequential of elevated glucose for Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 17

Polyuria - excessive peeing
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive eating
Weight loss/gain, increased hunger
Blurry vision
Acanthosis nigricans - skin rash 
Impaired healing 
Tingling in extremities

Question 18

What are the criteria to diagnose Type 2 diabetes

Answer 18

• HbA1C greater than 6.5%
• Fasting glucose greater than 126
• 2 hour glucose and random glucose greater than 200

Question 19

What body part is important to examine with patients who have diabetes?

Answer 19

Foot exam

Question 20

Treatment for Type 2 diabetes

Answer 20

1. Overcome insulin resistance and resensitize organs
2. Decrease high hormone levels
   * * lifestyle management**

Question 21

Immune-mediated beta cell destruction in the pancreas

Answer 21

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Question 22

_____ is one of the most common childhood disease

Answer 22

Type 1 DM

Question 23

Main symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes

Answer 23

Polyuria
Polydipsia 
Blurred vision
WEIGHT LOSS
Diabetic ketoacidosis 
ABSENT insulin/C peptide

Question 24

Age of onset for Type 1 and 2 DM

Answer 24

Type 1 = Childhood

Type 2 = after puperty

Question 25

Insulin secretion levels for Type 1 and 2 DM

Answer 25

Type 1 = ABSENT | Type 2 = variable

Question 26

Insulin sensitivity for Type 1 and 2 DM

Answer 26

Type 1 = Normal when controlled | Type 2 = DECREASED

Question 27

Pancreatic antibodies yes or no for Type 1 and 2 DM

Answer 27

Type 1 = YES | Type 2 = no

Question 28

Insulin dependence time for Type 1 and 2 DM

Answer 28

Type 1 = permanent | Type 2 = variable

Question 29

If a patient has Type 1 DM, what other diseases like to run in packs and may be affecting this patient?

Answer 29

Autoimmune diseases

Question 30

Treatment for Type 1 DM

Answer 30

Replace hormone - insulin

Question 31

If glucose levels are higher than _____ assess for acute disorders

Answer 31

250

Question 32

What are the 2 acute disorders where glucose levels are above 250?

Answer 32

``` Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state (HHS) ```

Question 33

Diabetic Ketoacidosis main sign

Answer 33

Ketone body formation

Question 34

Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar state main sign

Answer 34

Dehydration

Question 35

DKA and HHS management?

Answer 35

ADMIT TO HOSPITAL

Question 36

In any patient with confusion, altered mental status or seizure, what condition should you consider?

Answer 36

HYPOglycemia

Question 37

Hypoglycemia symptoms

Answer 37

Confusion, altered mental status, seizure | Glucose less than 70

Question 38

Hypoglycemia is usually caused by?

Answer 38

Drugs used to treat diabetes