Endocrine Lecture 1

Question 1

Large acidophil granules in adenohyphsis of pituitary

Answer 1

Acidophils

Question 2

What can acidophils be? What can they secrete?

Answer 2

Somatotrophs=GH

Lactotrophs /mammotrophs=PRL

Question 3

Fine basophilic granules

Answer 3

Basophils

Question 4

Basophils and acidophils are classified as

Answer 4

Chromophils

Question 5

Basophils can be (3) and produce

Answer 5

Corticotrophs=ACTH
Thyrotrophs=TSH
Gonadotrophs=LH/FSH

Question 6

Chromophils that have recently released granules

Answer 6

Chromophobes

Question 7

Chromophobes are

Answer 7

Non-differentiated stem cells

Question 8

What separates pars intermedia and pars distalis

Answer 8

Rathke’s pouch

Question 9

What’s predominately in pars intermedia

Answer 9

Basophils that secrete ACTH and MSH

Question 10

Describe herring body in pars nervosa

Answer 10

Pink swelling of large accumulation of hormone granules in axon terminals (oxy or AVP)

Question 11

What are pituicytes

Answer 11

Small glial-type cells supporting nerve fibers in pars nervosa

Question 12

Pituitary (hypophysis) divides into

Answer 12

Neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis

Question 13

Neurohypophysis sub divides into

Answer 13

Pars nervosa
Infundibular stalk
Median eminence

Question 14

Adenohypophysis sub divides into

Answer 14

pars tuberalis
pars distalis
pars intermedia

Question 15

Thyroid follicles are stimulated by

Answer 15

TSH from pituitary

Question 16

Thyroid follicles are mad up of

AKA

Answer 16

follicular cells

AKA principal cells

Question 17

Follicular cell classification

Answer 17

simple cuboidal epithelial

Question 18

What di follicular cells do

Answer 18

Take colloid or thyroglobulin inside the cell which is hydrolyzed to T3 or T4

Question 19

What do parafollicular cells do

Answer 19

High in Ca2+ level and release calcitonin

Question 20

3 things calcitonin does

Answer 20

Inhibites Ca2+ absorption by intestines

Inhibits osteoclasts

Increases Ca2+ in urine

Question 21

Follicular cells size

Answer 21

Shorter cuboidal are less active

Taller cuboidal are more active

Question 22

How are parafollicular cells oriented in dog?

-Other species

Answer 22

Commonly grouped in dogs

Other species are structured more individually

Question 23

In active follicles, the periphery of colloid adjacent to apical to apical surface of follicular cells is…

Answer 23

Vaculated

Question 24

Rosettes in parathyroid contain

Answer 24

Chief cells arranged in circles

Question 25

Parenchyma of parathyroid is made up of | -Exception

Answer 25

Oxyphils and chief cells but you can only see chief cells | -Dogs lack oxyphils

Question 26

Low Ca2+ causes chief cells to

Answer 26

release parathyroid hormone which stimulates osteoclasts and decreases Ca2+ in urine

Question 27

What cells do dogs lack

Answer 27

Oxyphils

Question 28

Give zones from adrenal capsule to medulla

Answer 28

``` Adrenal capsule Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculate Zona reticularis Medulla ```

Question 29

Zona glomerulosa - makes - stimulated by

Answer 29

Makes mineralocorticoids --> aldosterone :and secretes aldosterone synthase Stimulated by Angiotensin II

Question 30

Zona fasciculata - makes - stimulated by

Answer 30

Glucocorticoids --?Corticosterone cortisol secretes 11-beta hydroxylase Stimulated by ACTH

Question 31

Zona reticularis - makes - stimulated by

Answer 31

Glucocorticoids and androgens -->17-beta HSD and 3-beta HSD (sex hormones) Stimulated by ACTH

Question 32

Medulla makes

Answer 32

Epinephrine or noepinephrine

Question 33

Enzymes for steroid creation

Answer 33

Aldosterone synthase 11-Beta hydroxylase 17-B HSD and 3-beta HSD

Question 34

What zone has lipid droplets that show pronounced vacuolization? - ->What do these lipid droplets contain - ->What are cells called with lipid droplets

Answer 34

Zona fasciculata - ->droplets contain FA, cholesterol, and phospholipids which are precursors to glucocorticoids - ->Cells called spongiocytes

Question 35

In carnivores and horses 2 glomerulosa cells in zona glomerulosa are arranged in

Answer 35

Arcs

Question 36

T/F Sinusoids run length of adrenal cortex

Answer 36

T but become more visible in zona reticularis

Question 37

In zona reticularis, what do less active cells look like?

Answer 37

Lack vacuoles and more space between cells.

Question 38

What cells are in medulla

Answer 38

Chromaffin cells

Question 39

What are Chromaffin cells

Answer 39

Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that make catecholeneriase (noepinephrine and epinephrine)

Question 40

What is the master gland

Answer 40

Pituitary

Question 41

What does the pituitary gland develop from

Answer 41

Neural (diencephalon) Oral (Rathke's pouch) ectoderm

Question 42

Adenohypophysis | -Describe hormone production

Answer 42

Glandular -hormone secretion controlled by neurons located in hypothalamus MAKES HORMONES

Question 43

Neurohypophysis | -Describe hormone relationshiip

Answer 43

Site for hormone storge and release (regulation via hypothalamus)

Question 44

What kind of cells does the adenohypophysis have?

Answer 44

Acidophils + Basophils (together chromophils) | Chromophobes

Question 45

Most abundant cell in pars distalis

Answer 45

Acidophils

Question 46

Types of acidophils and what they release

Answer 46

Somatotrophs (GH) and lactotrophs/mammotrophs (PRL)

Question 47

What does oxytocin do?

Answer 47

Facilitates contraction of the uterine myometrium and myoepithelial cells of the mammary glands

Question 48

What does Arginine Vasopressin do?

Answer 48

Conserve body water by reducing the output of urine

Question 49

What could you find in Herring bodys?

Answer 49

Oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 50

3 classifications of hormones

Answer 50

Proteins AA derivatives Steroids and FA

Question 51

Hormones made by the hypothalmus

Answer 51

``` Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) Growth Hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) Dopamine (DA) Vasopressin (AVP) Oxytocin ```

Question 52

2 ways the pituitary gland secretes

Answer 52

1) Direct (example= Oxytocin and AVP - Neurons directly communicate w/pituitary gland and oxy and AVP released 2) Indirect (example=CRH) - Neurons stimulate primary plexus-->portal vein-->secondary plexus and diffused into glandular tissue where new hormone is made (example,CRH will stimulate ACTH to be made)