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Flashcards in Endocrine Pharm from FA Deck (28)
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1
Q

General strategies for treatment of T1DM?

T2DM?

Gestational DM?

A

T1DM: low-sugar diet, insulin replacement

T2DM: dietary modification and exercise for wt loss, oral agents, non-insulin injectables, insulin replacement

GDM: dietary change, exercise, insulin replacement if diet/exercise fail

2
Q

Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine

Class? Action? Clinical use? Tox?

A

Rapid acting Insulin

Action: bind insulin receptor (tyrosine kinase activity). In Liver, incr glucose stored as glycogen. In Muscle, increase glycogen and protein synth, incr K+ uptake. Fat: Incr TG storage.

Use: T1DM, T2DM, GDM (postprandial glucose control)

Tox: hypoglycemia, rare hypersens reactions

3
Q

Regular insulin, short-acting: Clinical use?

A

T1DM, T2DM, GDM, DKA (IV), hyperkalemia (+ glucose), stress hyperglycemia

4
Q

NPH

Class? Use?

A

Intermediate-acting insulin

(NPH = neutral protamine Hagedorn, something about how it is chemically packaged to be medium-acting)

Use: T1DM, T2DM, GDM

5
Q

Glargine, Detemir

Class? Use?

A

Long-acting insulin

Use: T1DM, T2DM, GDM (basal glucose control)

6
Q

Metformin

Class? Action? Use? Tox?

A

Class: Diabetes/Biguanide

Action: exact mech unknown. decr gluconeogenesis, incr glycolysis, incr peripheral glucose uptake (insulin sensitivity)

Use: oral. First line therapy in T2DM. Can be used in patietns without islet cell function

Tox: GI upset, lactic acidosis (CI in renal failure)

7
Q

Tolbutamide, Chlorpropamide

Class? Action? Use? Tox?

A

First generation sulfonylureas (diabetes)

Action: close K+channel in Beta cell membrane -> cell depolarizes -> triggers insulin release via C2+ influx

Use: Stimulates release of endogenous insulin in T2DM. requires some islet function (useless with T1DM)

Tox: risk of hypoglycemia increased in renal failure, Disulfiram-like effects.

8
Q

Glyburide, Glimepiride, Glipizide

Class? Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Second generation sulfonylureas (diabetes)

Action: close K+channel in Beta cell membrane -> cell depolarizes -> triggers insulin release via C2+ influx

Use: Stimulates release of endogenous insulin in T2DM. requires some islet function (useless with T1DM)

Tox: risk of hypoglycemia increased in renal failure, Hypoglycemia

9
Q

Pioglitazone, Rosiglitazone

Class? Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Glitazones/Thiazolidinediones (diabetes)

Mech: increased insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue. Binds to PPAR-gamma nuclear transcription regulator

Use: monotherapy in T2DM or in combination with insulins, metformin, sulfonylureas

Tox: weight gain, edema, hepatoxicity, heart failure

10
Q

Acarbose, Miglitol

Class? Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Diabetes/alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

Action: inhibits intestinal brush-border alpha-glucosidases; delayed sugar hydrolysis and glucose absorption decreases postprandial hyperglycemia

Use: Monotherapy for T2DM or im combination with other agents

Tox: GI disturbances

11
Q

Pramlintide

Class? Action? Use? Tox?

A

Diabetes/Amylin analog

action: decreases gastric emptying, decreases glucagon

Use: T1DM, T2DM

Tox: hypoglycemia, nausea, diarrhea

12
Q

Exenatide, Liraglutide

Class? Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Diabetes/GLP-1 analogs

Action: increases glucose, decreases glucagon release

Use: T2DM

Tox: N/V, pancreatitis

13
Q

Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin

Class? Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Diabetes/DPP-4 inhibitors

Action: increase insulin, decr glucagon release

Use: T2DM

Tox: mild urinary or resp infections

14
Q

What do genes activated by PPAR-gamma do?

A

regulate fatty acid storage and glucose metabolism.

Activation of PPAR-gamma increases insulin sensitivity and levels of adiponectin

15
Q

What drug is first-line therapy in T2DM? when is it contraindicated?

A

Metformin

(biguanide class)

CI with renal failure because it can cause lactic acidosis. can also cause GI upset.

16
Q

Which diabetes drugs require some islet cell function and are therefore not useful with T1DM? (3 classes)

A

Sulfonylureas (Tolbutamide, Chlorpropramide, Glyburide, Glimepiride, Glipizide)

GLP-1 analogs (Exenatide, Liraglutide)

DPP-4 inhibitors (Linagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin)

17
Q

Propylthiouracil, Methimazole

Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Block thyroid peroxidase, inhibiting the oxidation of iodide and the organification (coupling) of iodine, leading to inhibition of thyroid hormone synthesis. Propylthiouracil also blocks 5’deiodinase, which decreases peripheral conversion of T4 to T3.

Use: Hyperthyroidism.PTU blocks Peripheral conversion, used in Pregnancy”

Tox: Skin rash, agranulogytosis (rare), aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity (PTU). Methimazole is a possible teratogen (can cause aplasia cutis)

18
Q

Of the two drugs that are used for hyperthroidism, which one is possibly teratogenic?

Which drug do we use for preg women? tox of that drug?

A

Methimazole is a possible teratogen (can cause aplasia cutis - derm condition, absence of a patch of skin/hair)

For preg women, use Propylthiouracil (PTU) instead

PTU blocks Peripheral conversion, used in Pregnancy”

PTU may cause hepatotoxicity.

19
Q

Levothyroxine, Triiodothyronine

Mech? Use? Tox?

A

Mech: Thyroxine replacement

Use: hypothyroidism, myxedema (mucopolysaccharide deposition in the dermis –> results in swelling. ie pretibial myxedema in Graves’ Disease)

Tox: Tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremors, arrythmias

20
Q

Growth Hormone

Use?

A

Hypothalamic/pituitary drug

Use: GH deficiency, Turner syndrome

21
Q

Somatostatin/Octreotide

Use?

A

Hypothalamic/pituitary drug

Acromegaly, carcinoid, gastrinoma, glucagonoma, esophageal varices

22
Q

Oxytocin

Use?

A

Hypothalamic/pituitary drug

Stimulates labor, uterina contractions, milk let-down; controls uterine hemorrhage

23
Q

ADH (DDAVP)

Use?

A

Hypothalamic/pituitary drug

Pituitary (central, not nephrogenic) DI

vWF d/o - stimulates vWF release from endothelial cells

24
Q

Demeclocycline

Mech? Use? Tox?

A

ADH Antagonist (member of the tetracycline family)

Use: SIADH

Tox: nephrogenic DI, photosensitivity, bone/teeth abnormalities

25
Q

Glucocorticoids

Mech?

Use?

Tox?

A

Mech: metabolic, catabolic, anti-inflammatory, and immunosuppressive effects mediated by interactions with glucocorticoid response elements and inhibition of transcription factors such as NF-KB

Use: Addison’s disease, inflammation, immune suppression, asthma

Tox: Iatrogenic Cushing syndrome (buffalo hump, moon facies, truncal obesity, muscle wasting, thin skin, easy bruisability, osteoporosis, adrenocortical atrophy, peptic ulcers, diabetes (if chronic). Adrenal insufficiency when drug stopped abruptly after chronic use.

26
Q

Osteoporosis due to glucocorticoid use: what is treatment?

A

bisphosphonates

27
Q

List the glucocorticoids (6)

A

Hydrocortisone

Prednisone

Triamcinolone

Dexamethasone

Beclomethasone

Fludrocortisone (mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid activity)

28
Q

(From UWorld)

Pheochromocytoma: treatment?

A

-Irreversible alpha-blockers (ex: phenoxybenzamine) and beta-blockers followed by tumor resection.

Alpha blockade must be achieved before giving beta-blockers to avoid a hypertensive crisis.