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Endocrine phys part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Parathyroid hormone function

A

Mobilize Ca from bone, Increase Ca reabsorbtion in kidney, increase Ca absorbtion in GI tract, increase phosphate excretion

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2
Q

1, 25 dihydroxycholeaclciferol function

A
  • increase Ca absorbtion in GI tract
  • Stimulates Ca reabsorption in kidneys
  • Causes bone remodeling
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3
Q

Calcitonin function

A

inhibit ca resorbtion (Keeps Ca in bone)

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of calcium in the bone

A

Stable (28,000 mmol) or readily exchangable (100 mmol)

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5
Q

Function of calbindin-D9k

A

Prevents cell signaling from calcium while transporting Ca (has high affinity for Ca)

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6
Q

Phosphourous key roles in body

A

ATP, Modify proteins, DNA/RNA, cAMP (cell signaling), Intracellular buffering

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7
Q

How is phosphorous filtered and reabsorbed

A

Filtered in kidneys, reabsorbed via Na cotransporters (NaPi-2a/2b)

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8
Q

What activates phosphorous

A

1,25, dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitrol)

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9
Q

Magnesium roles

A

protein/DNA synthesis, oxidative phosphorylation, cardiovascular tone, neuromuscular excitability, bone formation

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10
Q

Where is magnesium absorbed

A

In GI trat

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11
Q

Where is magnesium reabsorbed

A

Kidneys (PTH increases reabsorbtion)

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12
Q

What is the key role of vitamin D in intestines

A

Increase transport of calcium and phosphate in intestines

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13
Q

What do high calcium and phosphate inhibit the formation of

A

calcitrol

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14
Q

What stimulates the production and release of vitamin D

A

Low calcium, low phosphate, High PTH

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15
Q

What stimulates PTH release

A

Low calcium levels

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16
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause in children

A

Rickets
- Weakness, bowing of legs, tooth defects, hypocalcemia

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17
Q

What does vitamin D deficiency cause in adults

A

Osteomalacia

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18
Q

What type of cells produce and secrete PTH

A

Chief cells (inside parathyroid gland)

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19
Q

Hypoparathyroidism symptoms

A

Hyperexcitability of nerves, tetany, Chvostek sign (contraction of facial muscles with tapping on facial nerve), Trousseau sign (flexion of wrist and thumb)

20
Q

Hyperparathyroidism symptoms

A

Usually asymptomatic (usally caused by parathyroid tumor, high Ca and Low Phosphate)

21
Q

What is hypercalcemia cosed by often

A

bone, breast, kidney, ovary, skin cancer

22
Q

Where are the calcitonin cells made

A

parafollicular cells of thyroid

23
Q

Actions of calcitonin

A

decrease blood ca and p, block resorbtion of Ca from bone, increase Ca excretion in urine

24
Q

What are bones made of

A

Collagen and crystallized ca p salts

25
Structure of bone
Outside strength (cortical, compact) and spongy (trabecular) inside (bone marrow).
26
What kind of connective tissue is on the outside of a bone
periosteum connective tissue
27
Osteopetrosis MOA
Ineffective osteoclasts- over abundance of bone being added all the time, lead to too thick of bones (blood vessils close and cause pain)
28
Osteoporosis MOA
Too much osteoclast activity- bones become thin and weak
29
What do thecal cells release
Androgens
30
What do granulosa cells release
estrogens
31
What cells release estrogens
granulosa cells
32
What cells release androgens
thecal cells
33
What cells secrete estrogens
Granulosa cells, corpus luteum, placenta
34
What is estrogen formation dependent on
Aromatase
35
What does aromatase convert
Testosterone to estradiol and androtendione to estrone
36
What happens to thecal cells when LH rises
LH causes thecal cells to release androstenedione--> send to granulosa cells--> convert to estrone--> estradiol--> release to follicular fluid in antrum
37
What causes to mature granulosa cells when LH increases
they release estradiol and produce it
38
What does P450 do
helps form steroids- acts as a mitochondrial enzyme
39
What secretes progesterone
Corpus luteum and placenta
40
What stimulates corpus luteum to release progesterone
LH binds to corpus luteum
41
Where does sperm development occur
Sperm development
42
Where does sperm maturation occur
Epididymis
43
Vas deferens function
Connect testis to urethra
44
What are the pancreatic exocrine cells
acini cells (secrete pancreatic juice for digestion)
45
What are the endocrine cells of the pancreas
Islets of langerhans
46
What organ is Vitamin D3 made in
Kidney

Physiology (8 decks)

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