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Physiology Week 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 primary compartments in the body

A

Intracellular, and then Extracellular (Interstitial fluid and plasma)

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2
Q

Where is the majority of the fluid in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid (40% of body weight)

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3
Q

What are 2 components of extracellular fluid

A

Plasma, Interstitial fluid

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4
Q

What ions are in Extracellular fluid vs Intracellular fluid

A

Extracellular fluid: Na+, Cl- HCO3-, protein, small amount of K
Intracellular fluid: K+, phosphates (Buffer)

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5
Q

What is the universal solvent?

A

Water

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6
Q

Out of plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid, where is protein found?

A

Plasma and intracellular, not interstitial

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7
Q

What does water dissolve?

A

All polar and charged particles

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8
Q

What is a solution?

A

Solvent and solute

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9
Q

What is a chemical/concentration gradient dependent on?

A

Difference in concentration and thickness of membrane

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10
Q

Diffusion of ions depends on

A

Electrical gradient

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11
Q

The ability of a solution to hold onto a solvent is measured as what?

A

osmotic pressure

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11
Q

In a solution, during osmosis, water will move towards the side with: 1.More or 2.Less solute?

A

More solute

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11
Q

Which side of cell is negative?

A

Inside is negative (-70mv RMP)

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12
Q

Which way does chemical gradient push sodium/potassium?

A

Pushes sodium inside and pushes potassium outside

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13
Q

Which way does electrical gradient push sodium/potassium?

A

Sodium: inside
Potassium: Inside
The charge of the cell is negative inside so both are pulled inside

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14
Q

Why does sodium have a stronger overall push in the cell

A

It has both the chemical gradient pushing it inside and the electrical gradient, whereas K has only the electrical gradient pushing it inside

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15
Q

What are the 4 things that osmotic pressure is related to, and what is the biggest thing that dictates it?

A
  1. Temperature of solution
  2. Gas constant
  3. Volume of the solution
  4. Number of particles
    (Concentration of particles is really what dictates it)
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16
Q

How many Osm does 1mol of glucose add to a solution?

A

1

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17
Q

How many Osm does 1mol of NaCl add to a solution?

A

2, break into Na and Cl

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18
Q

Contrast osmolarity with osmolality

A

Osmolarity: used in plasma, osmoles/L of solution.
Osmolality: Osmoles per kg of solvent
Osmolarity is affected by volume of solutes, osmolality is not

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19
Q

What is normal blood plasma osmotic pressure?

A

290 mOsm/L

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20
Q

270 mosm of the 290 mosm in osmotic pressure is contributed by

A

Na+

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21
Q

What makes up 20/290 mOsm of blood plasma

A

2 mosm plasma protein, 5mosm glucose and urea (each)

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22
Q

What is tonicity?

A

A solution’s ability to change the shape of a cell

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23
Lysing vs crenation
Lyse= When cell is in hypotonic solution, it explodes (lyses) Crenation= when cell is in in hypertonic solution, gets shriveled (crenates)
24
Primary reason that pH has to stay in a very narrow range
Protein Denaturation
25
What is normal plasma pH for people?
7.35-7.45
26
Gastric fluid vs pancreatic fluid pH
Stomach acid: 1 Pancreatic juice: 8
27
Acid vs base in terms of H+ ions
Acid: Donates H+ to a solution Bases: Accepts H+ions to a solution
28
What are the 2 buffering systems important extracellularly and intracellularly?
Extracellularly: Bicarbonate (HCO3) Intracellularly: Phsophate
29
What is metabolic acidosis due to
Ketoacidosis and diarrhea
30
What is respiratory acidosis due to
hypoventilation (not getting rid of enough CO2, building up too much acid (narcotic overdose))
31
What is metabolic alkalosis due to
vomiting( get rid of too much stomach acid, increase pH too much)
32
What is respiratory alkalosis due to
hyperventaliation(release too much co2, get rid of too much acid)
33
compare and contrast nucleoside, nucleotide, nucleic acid
Nucleoside: Sugar, base Nucleotide: Sugar, base, phosphate Nucleic acid: many nucleotides
34
What is formed by the breakdown of purine bases?
Uric acid
35
What is gout characterized by? What are causes?
- Excess uric acid in the blood - Excess production because of enzyme abnormalities, or kidney issues that lead to decreased excretion
36
Where is DNA found in the cell
nucleus
37
Which sugar and unique base are in DNA
Deoxyribose, Thymine
38
Where is there a covalent bond in DNA
Sugar of one bonds to phosphate of next
39
Where is RNA found
All over the cell
40
Which sugar and base are in RNA
Ribose and uracil
41
Is ATP closer to DNA or RNA
RNA- has ribose sugar (but Adenine base) and just adds 3 phosphates
42
What is a gene
Part of the DNA that is used to code for a protein
43
What is an exon vs an intron
Exons are expressed in DNA replication, introns are spliced out
44
What are Alleles
Code for a trait that you have
45
What are SNP's
Change in DNA that results from 1 base change
46
What are mutations
a change in DNA that occurs and codes for something different
47
4 steps in protein synthesis and location/product of each
1.Transcription is in Nucleus, results in mRNA 2. post-transcriptional modification is in nucleus, results in mRNA with removed introns 3. Translation is in Rough ER with ribosomes and results in polypeptide chain 4. Post translational modification in the golgi apparatus, results in final protein
48
What is the final desitnation of proteins after protein formation
use in the cell, stored, or exocytosis
49
main function of carbs
fuel
50
Examples of monosaccharides, location of them
glucose is found in blood/cells
51
Examples of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose (soft drinks or high fructose corn suryp)
52
Examples of polysaccharides and locations
Glycogen: Muscles/liver Cellulose: Plant cell walls, lower cholestorol levels
53
What transports lipids around the body
lipoprotein complexes (cholomicrons, HDL, VLDL, LDL)
54
How does chylomicron shrink?
Chylomicron--> VLDL-->IDL-->LDL - Drops off triglycerides at tissues
55
What does HMG-CoA reductase do
Key step in cholestorol synthesis is via this enzyme. Targetted by statins
56
What does HDL do
- lower LDL cholesotrol levels, - inhibit adhesion of white blood cells - Stimulate NO release in aortic cells - Enhance endothelial repair after injury
57
What are Eicosanoids and where are they found to be important
Poly unsaturated fat, important in inflamatory pathway, cardiovascular system, pain
58
What inhibits Phospholipase A2 and what does it inhibit the formation of
Glucocorticoids inhibit the formation of eicosanoids
59
What is the relationship between NSAIDS and eicosanoids
NSAIDS inhibit COX 1 and 2 which prevents prostaglandin formation
60
How is the cell membrane like a mosaic
lots of different things in the membrane to give different functions, like proteins, phospholipids, etc.
61
Function of gap junction
communication and nutrients
62
Function of tight junction
Hold cells together tightly
63
Function of desmosomes
Bind cells together tightly
64
Golgi apparatus function
Protein modification, create vesicles
65
Rough ER function
protein syntehsis during translation
66
nuclear envelope function
Wall off DNA from cell
67
Secratory granules function
Released from cell
68
Centrioles function
Grab chromosomes in cell division, seperate cells
69
Smooth ER function
Lipid synthesis
70
Lysosomes function
Enzymes degrade proteins
71
Nucleoleus function
Center of nucleus, form ribosomes
72
Cytoskeleton 3 pieces and functions
1. Actin: form shape of cell, cause movement 2. Intermediate filaments: Provide support 3. Microtubules: Strong framework, tracks for vesicles to move on - Kinesin and dynein, move things over cell
73
What are the 3 types of passive transport
1. Simple 2. Carrier Mediated 3. Channel mediated
74
What are the 2 types of active transport
1. Primary (use ATP) 2. Secondary (use other gradient) Both go against gradient
75
First messenger vs second messenger
First messenger is a chemical that binds to the cell from the outside. The Second messenger is a chemical inside the cell that is activated or moves after the first binds.
76
What gets Ca out of the cell after it is inside
SERCA- ATPase, pumps calcium out to turn signal off
77
What is one of the common second messengers in the cell
Ca
78
Steps of GPCR signaling
1. GPCR undergoes conformational change when ligand binds 2. G subunit exchanges GDP for GTP 3. Adenylyl cyclase is activated and converts ATP to cAMP 4. Elevated cAMP levels activate protein kinase A 5. Protein kinase A phosphorylates enzymes and transcription factors, causing gene expression that mediates cell growth and differentation
79
Largest to smallest lipoprotein complexes
Chylomicrons (least amount of protein)--> VLDL, IDL, HDL (most protein, smallest)

Physiology (8 decks)

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