Endocrine System 1

Question 1

endocrine system is responsible for the production and secretion of
chemical messengers known as

Answer 1

hormones

Question 2

secrete their products into
ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into the lumen of an organ, or to outer surface of the
body.

Answer 2

Exocrine glands

Question 3

secrete their products into
the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells.

Answer 3

Endocrine glands

Question 4

Endocrine cells produce hormones based on amino acids, peptides and proteins often have characteristic _____ vacuoles with electron-dense central cores

Answer 4

membrane-bound secretory

Question 5

It is called the “master” endocrine gland because it secretes several hormones that control other
endocrine glands

Answer 5

pituitary gland

Question 6

pituitary gland is also called

Answer 6

hypophysis

Question 7

the pituitary gland is controlled by the

Answer 7

hypothalamus

Question 8

this small region of the brain below the thalamus is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems

Answer 8

hypothalamus

Question 9

Cells in the hypothalamus synthesize at least ___ different hormones, and the pituitary gland secretes ____

Answer 9

9; 7

Question 10

a small bean-shaped gland, about 1 cm diameter and lies in the
hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

Answer 10

pituitary gland

Question 11

Partly developing from the brain and partly from the oral cavity

Answer 11

Development (Dual Origin):

Question 12

Neurohypophyseal bud growing down from the floor of the future
diencephalon as a stalk (or infundibulum) that remain attached to the brain

Answer 12

Neural component

Question 13

the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex and gonads may be described as

Answer 13

pituitary-dependent
endocrine glands

Question 14

The _______ bring blood into the
hypothalamus.

Answer 14

superior hypophyseal arteries,

Question 15

arteries divide into a capillary network called the

Answer 15

primary plexus of the
hypophyseal portal system

Question 16

blood drains into the _____ that pass down the outside of the infundibulum

Answer 16

hypophyseal portal system

Question 17

in the anterior pituitary, the hypophyseal
portal veins divide again and form another capillary network called the .

Answer 17

secondary plexus of the
hypophyseal portal system

Question 18

• also known as neurohypophysis is composed of neural tissue
• does not contain cells that synthesize hormones

Answer 18

Posterior Pituitary (Posterior Lobe)

Question 19

The larger bulbar portion that consists of modified neural tissue

Answer 19

Pars nervosa

Question 20

100,000 unmyelinated axons of large secretory neurons

Answer 20

Neural tissue

Question 21

contain membrane-enclosed organelles with either antidiuretic
hormone (ADH) or oxytocin

Answer 21

Herring Bodies

Question 22

Membrane-enclosed organellle with oxytocin is bound to carrier protein

Answer 22

neurophysin-I

Question 23

Membrane-enclosed organellle with ADH is bound to carrier protein

Answer 23

neurophysin-II

Question 24

• glial cells that resemble astrocytes
• most abundant cell type in the
  posterior pituitary

Answer 24

Pituicytes

Question 24

- glial cells that resemble astrocytes - most abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary

Answer 24

Pituicytes

Question 25

hormones of posterior pituitary glands

Answer 25

- antidiuretic hormone/ vasopressin/ arginine vasopresin - oxytocin

Question 26

hormone that increases renal permeability of renal collecting ducts

Answer 26

Antidiuretic hormone/Vasopressin/Arginine vasopressin

Question 27

hormone that stimulates contraction of mammary gland myoepithelial cells and uterine smooth muscle

Answer 27

oxytocin

Question 28

- also known as adenohypophysis, accounts for about 75% of the total weight of the gland - arises as an epithelial upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as Rathke’s pouch

Answer 28

anterior pituitary

Question 29

anterior pituitary arises as an epithelial upgrowth from the roof of the primitive oral cavity known as

Answer 29

Rathke’s pouch

Question 30

part of the anterior pituitary that is: - The larger portion (75%) - Has two (2) broad group of cells

Answer 30

pars distalis

Question 31

part of the anterior pituitary that is:

Answer 31

- smaller funnel-shaped region surrounding the infundibulum - predominantly gonadotrophs

Question 32

part of the anterior pituitary that is:

Answer 32

- Between pars distalis and pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis - Thin zone of basophilic cells (<2%) - Atrophies during fetal development and ceases to exist as a separate lobe in adults

Question 33

- Stores hormone in cytoplasmic granules - Stain with hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) and secrete hormones

Answer 33

Chromophils

Question 34

stain pinkish-red with H&E: stain bluish purple with H&E:

Answer 34

- acidophilic cells - basophilic cells

Question 35

- Stain poorly with H&E and do not secrete hormones - Heterogenous group of stem cells and progenitor cells as well as any degranulated cells present

Answer 35

Chromophobes

Question 36

hormones in acidophilic cells:

Answer 36

- somatrotroph - mammotrophs

Question 37

hormones in basophilic cells:

Answer 37

Corticotrophs Gonadotrophs Thyrotrophs

Question 38

associated hormones with anterior pituitary

Answer 38

- somatotrophin - prolactin - follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - luteinizing hormone (LH) - thyrotropin (TSH) - adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - lipotropin

Question 39

The butterfly-shaped gland is located just inferior to the larynx (voice box).

Answer 39

thyroid gland

Question 40

About 50% of thyroid glands have a small third lobe, known as

Answer 40

pyramidal lobe

Question 41

Microscopic spherical sacs called ____ make up most of the thyroid gland.

Answer 41

thyroid follicles

Question 42

thyroid follicles are lined with simple epithelium and have a central lumen densely filled with ____

Answer 42

gelatinous acidophilic colloid

Question 43

Simple flat or cuboidal cell type of glands:

Answer 43

Active glands

Question 44

Tall columnar epithelium cell type of glands:

Answer 44

Inactive glands

Question 45

Range in shape depending on activity:

Answer 45

Follicular cells

Question 46

Larger that follicular cells and stain less intensely

Answer 46

Parafollicular

Question 47

• More abundant (90%) • Less active • Half-life: 1 week

Answer 47

Thyroxine (T4) (Tetraiodothyronine)

Question 48

• 2- to 10-fold more active • Half-life: 1.5 days

Answer 48

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Question 50

are small, oval endocrine glands which are closely associated with the thyroid gland.

Answer 50

parathyroid gland

Question 51

parathyroid glands regulate serum calcium, and phosphate levels via _____

Answer 51

parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathyrin

Question 52

- enclosed by a thin layer of connective tissue

Answer 52

Capsule

Question 53

- connective tissue extends inwards from the capsule to partially outline irregular lobes and lobules

Answer 53

Trabeculae

Question 54

- Small cells (5 to 8um in diameter) with dark nuclei and thin rim of LIGHTLY STAINED cytoplasm - Secrete PTH

Answer 54

Chief cells/ Principal cells

Question 55

- Larger cells (8 to 12um in diameter) with dark nuclei and STRONGLY EOSINOPHILIC cytoplasm because of numerous mitochondria - Appear after the first decade of life and are thought to be non-secretory cells

Answer 55

Oxyphil cell

Question 56

Larger cells (8 to 12um) in diameter with dark nuclei and a watery, CLEAR cytoplasm

Answer 56

Clear cells

Question 57

Accumulate after puberty and makes up 25% to 40% of the total tissue in normal adults

Answer 57

Adipose cells

Question 58

are small, flattened endocrine glands which are closely applied to the upper pole of each kidney.

Answer 58

adrenal glands or suprarenal glands

Question 59

The two (2) components of the adrenal gland are

Answer 59

- adrenal cortex - adrenal medulla.

Question 60

penetrate the capsule and branch into sinusoids that supply the cortex and medulla

Answer 60

Afferent blood vessels

Question 61

- Outer part which arises form the mesoderm - Produces and secretes steroid hormones

Answer 61

Cortex

Question 62

Closely packed, funded or ARCHED cords of columnar or pyramidal cells

Answer 62

ZonaGlomerulosa (15%)

Question 63

Hormone in Zona Gromerulasa:

Answer 63

Aldosterone

Question 64

- LONG cords of large polyhedral cells, one or to cells thick separated by fenestrate sinusoidal capillaries - Cells are filled with lipid droplets and appear vacuolated

Answer 64

Zone Fasciculata (80%)

Question 65

- IRREGULAR cords containing smaller cells - More heavily stained than the other zones (contain fewer lipid droplets and more lipofuscin pigment)

Answer 65

Zona Reticularis (10%)

Question 66

- Arises from the neural crest - Large, pale staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords or clumps

Answer 66

Medulla

Question 67

- Modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons (lacking axons and dendrites) - Contain electron-dense granules for storage and secretion of catecholamines

Answer 67

Chromaffincells

Question 68

- Infrequent sympathetic ganglion cells

Answer 68

Ganglioncells

Question 69

Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system which facilitate the fight-or-flight response (vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure, changes in heart rate, elevated blood glucose levels)

Answer 69

Together with norepinephrine:

Question 70

- Glycogenolysis and lipolysis

Answer 70

Epinephrine alone

Question 71

- about 99% of the exocrine cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters known as - produce digestive enzymes that flow into the GIT through a network of ducts

Answer 71

acini

Question 72

Scattered among the exocrine acini are 1 - 2 million tiny clusters of endocrine tissue called

Answer 72

pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans

Question 73

cell type that constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon that raises blood glucose level

Answer 73

Alpha or A cells

Question 73

cell type that constitute about 17% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete glucagon that raises blood glucose level

Answer 73

Alpha or A cells

Question 74

______ constitute about 70% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete insulin that counteracts the effect of glucagon

Answer 74

beta or B cells

Question 75

constitute about 7% of pancreatic islet cells and secrete somatostatin acts in a paracrine manner to inhibit both insulin and glucagon release from neighboring beta and alpha cells;

Answer 75

delta or d cells

Question 76

constitute the remainder of pancreatic islet cells and secrete pancreatic polypeptide that inhibits somatostatin secretion, gallbladder contraction, and secretion of digestive enzymes by the pancreas.

Answer 76

f cells

Question 77

- Specific cells in the digestive tract, respiratory mucosa, and other organs such as the pancreas - Highly important due to their role in regulating motility and secretions of all types within the digestive system

Answer 77

Diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)

Question 78

______: Stained by solutions of chromium

Answer 78

Enterochromaffin cells

Question 79

Stained with silver nitrate

Answer 79

Argentaffin cells

Question 80

Demonstrate amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation; Secrete serotonin or certain amine derivatives

Answer 80

APUD cells

Question 81

a small, roughly spherical gland 6 to 10mm in diameter attached to the roof of the third ventricle of the brain at the midline

Answer 81

pineal gland

Question 82

pineal gland also known as

Answer 82

Epiphysis Cerebri