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Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a hormone?

A

A long distance chemical signal

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2
Q

How would chemical/hormones be transported throughout the body?

A

Via blood or lymph

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3
Q

What is endocrinology?

A

The study of hormones and endocrine glands?

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4
Q

What are the major organs called in the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathyroid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
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5
Q

What do the endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

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6
Q

What do the exocrine glands produce?

A

Nonhormonal substances (sweat, saliva)

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7
Q

Where do endocrine glands secrete their production?

A

Surrounding tissues

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8
Q

What does the plasma membrane not allow the passage of?

A

Amino acids

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9
Q

What does the plasma membrane allow the passage of?

A

Steroid hormones (lipids)

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10
Q

Does the posterior pituitary lobe produce or store hormones?

A

Store hormones

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11
Q

What is the major function of ADH?

A

regulates water balance & inhibits urine formation

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12
Q

What is the major function of oxytocin?

A

released during childbirth, stimulant of uterine contraction

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13
Q

What does the ADH target?

A

kidney tubules

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14
Q

What kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary lobe associated with?

A

Glandular tisse

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15
Q

How is communication done between the anterior pituitary lobe and the hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamus —> Hypophyseal portal veins —> Anterior Posterior Lobe

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16
Q

How many hormones are produced/released by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

six

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17
Q

What are the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

-TSH
-GH
-FSH
-LH
-ACTH
-PRL

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18
Q

All anterior pituitary lobes are?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

What is a tropic hormone?

A

regulates secretory actions of endocrine glands

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20
Q

What are the direct action of GH hormones?

A

metabolism: increases blood levels of fatty acids; protein synthesis; conserves glucose

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21
Q

What does the hypersecretion of GH result in?

A

gigantism (children)
acromegaly (adults)

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22
Q

What does hyposecretion GH result in?

A

pituitary dwarfism

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23
Q

What do the terms hypo/hypersecretion mean?

A

Not enough or too much hormone production

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24
Q

What is TSH released by?

A

Anterior pituitary lobe

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25
What is the process from the hypothalamus to TSH being released?
Hypothalamus (TRH) ---> Anterior Pituitary Lobe (TSH) ---> Thyroid (TH) ---> target cells
26
What is the thyroid composed of?
isthmus: two lateral lobes
27
What do follicular cells produce?
Thyroglobulin
28
What do thyroglobulin produce?
Colloid
29
What hormone does the parafollicular cell produce?
calcitonin
30
What is the goal of TH?
regulate tissue growth and development & increase metabolic rate and heat production
31
What is required of thyroglobulin?
follicular cells
32
What are some homeostatic imbalances of the hyposecretion of TH?
myxedema (goiter) cretinism
33
What is its lack of in TH hyposecretion?
iodine
34
What HI results in infants concerning hyposecretion of TH?
Cretinism
35
What is the most important hormone for calcium ion regulation?
PTH
36
What is PTH? What is it produced by?
Parathyroid hormone ; parathyroid gland
37
Kidney tubules target what activation?
Vitamin D
38
What is the antagonist to PTH?
calcitonin
39
Which part of the adrenal gland helps with acute stress?
Adrenal medulla
40
What kind of tissue is in the adrenal medulla?
nervous tissue
41
What is ACTH?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
42
What is ACTH target organs?
Adrenal glands
43
What are the two major parts of the adrenal gland?
Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
44
What are targeted to maintain calcium regulation?
Osteocytes
45
Low blood calcium stimulate what to be produced?
PTH released.
46
What kind of tissue is the adrenal medulla?
nervous tissue
47
Which part of the adrenal gland helps with chronic stress?
Adrenal cortex
48
What does the adrenal cortex produce?
corticosteroids
49
What are the three major regions of the adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulosa, retiuclaris, fasciculata
50
What is the most common hormone by mineralcorticoids?
Aldosterone
51
What does aldosterone do?
Stimulates water reabsorption and water retention
52
What do glucocorticoids produce?
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
53
What do aldosterone and cortisol respond to? What part of the adrenal gland do they respond to?
ACTH and adrenal cortex
54
What leads to Cushing's syndrome/disease?
Glucocorticoid imbalance (over production)
55
What is a symptom of Cushing's syndrome/disease?
High blood glucose and blood pressure
56
What leads to Addison's disease?
lower production of glucocorticoids and a mineralocorticoid deficiency
57
What are the symptoms of Addison's disease?
Hypotension, weight loss, and sever dehydration
58
What are gonadocorticoids?
sex hormones
59
What cells produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
medullary chromaffin cells
60
What are the medullary chromaffin cell effects?
fight or flight, vasoconstriction, high heart rate, high blood sugar, blood diverts to brain, heart, and skeletal muscles
61
What are the hormones from gonadotropins?
FSH & LH
62
What does LH target?
The ovaries and testes
63
What does FSH target?
Stimulates estrogen and sperm production
64
What is the temporary organ of the body?
placenta
65
What does prolactin (PRL) stimulate?
milk production
66
Is PRL a +/- feedback?
+ feedback
67
Where is the pineal gland located?
hangs from the third ventricle (brain)
68
What produces melatonin?
pinealocytes
69
What is responsible for normal development of T cells?
thymus
70
What does the pancreas produce?
insulin and glucagon
71
Which cell produces glucagon?
Alpha cell
72
Which cell produces insulin
Beta cell
73
What does insulin do?
lowers blood sugar
74
What is glucagon's target?
the liver
75
What is a humoral stimulus?
hormone release caused by altered levels of certain critical ions or nutrients
76
What is neural stimulus?
hormone release caused by neural input
77
What is hormonal stimulus?
hormone release caused by another hormone ( a tropic hormone)

Anatomy& Physiology (18 decks)

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