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Human Systems > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

describe endocrine transmission

A

Chemical secreted
Low concentration
By a cell or group of cells
Sent to all parts of body
Via blood stream
Hormone acts only in cells with correct membrane receptor protein (target cells)

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1
Q

describe hormonal action

A

slow to act, can hit different parts of body, wide spread, effects persist

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2
Q

Give examples of endocrine systems

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Pancreas (Islets)
Adrenal (supra-renal)
GI tract endocrine cells
Gonads (ovaries and testes)
Placenta
Pineal gland
Thymus

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3
Q

What are the two classifications of hormones?

A

Steroids
Non-steroids-
-Amino acid derivatives
-Peptides
-Glycoproteins

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4
Q

What are steroid hormones based on?

A

a cholesterol ring structure

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5
Q

What are examples of steroid hormones?

A

Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone

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6
Q

What measurements are used commonly in biology?

A

mm- millimetres- 10-3
micro meters- 10-6
nano metres- 10-9
pm- 10-12
fentometres- fm,- 10-15

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7
Q

What are 2 types of amino acid derivative non steroid hormones?

A

Amines
Adrenaline (epinephrine)
Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
Melatonin
Iodinated amino acids
Triiodothyronine
Tetraiodothyronine (thyroxine)

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8
Q

What are two types of peptide non steriod hormones?

A

long chain
short chain

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9
Q

Give and example of long chain peptide non steriod hormones

A

(proteins)
Growth hormone
Prolactin
Parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Insulin
Glucagon
GI tract hormones (secretin, CCK, gastrin)

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10
Q

give and example of short chain peptide non steriod hormones

A

Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Melanocyte stimulating hormone
Somatostatin
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
Atrial natriuretic hormone

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11
Q

Describe pro hormones

A

produced in endoplasmic reticulum as peptide hormone is produced inactive (prehormone). This is packaged in the Golgi apparatus.

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12
Q

Describe glycoprotein non steroid hormones and give an example

A

Protein with attached carbohydrate groups to amino acids
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Chorionic gonadotrophin

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13
Q

What hormone like structures have a paracrine effect?

A

local tissues, Prostagrandins
Leucotrienes
Thromboxanes

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14
Q

What is a function of local tissues?

A

Functions include:
Blood flow regulation
Haemostasis
Mucosal protection (stomach)
Inflammation

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15
Q

How do most non steroid hormones act?

A

through second messengers

16
Q

Describe second messengers?

A

second messenger systems within the target cell
Two common ones are cAMP and Ca++
Steroid hormones can pass through the outer cell and directly reach intracellular receptors

17
Q

How are most hormone systems regulated?

A

negative feedback

18
Q

What is another name for excess secretion and decreased secretion?

A

hypersecretion and hyposecretion

19
Q

sensitivity of target cells is subject to……

A

number of receptors
More receptors = upregulation
Fewer receptors = downregulation

20
Q

describe hyperfunction

A

Excess production & secretion
Upregulation of receptors
Failure to metabolise hormone

21
Q

Describe hypofunction

A

Hypofunction
Decreased production & secretion
Downregulation of receptors
Receptors non functioning

22
Q

What can hyper/hyposecretion result in?

A

endocrine disorders, these can be complicated

23
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

Thermoregulation
Hormone secretion
Primary hormones
Trophic hormones
Circadian rhythms
Motivation
Thirst, feeding, sexual behaviour
Emotions

24
Q

describe type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent, decreased insulin secretion, destruction of beta cells

25
Q

What is type two diabetes?

A

insulin independent, loss of insulin receptors

26
Q

Where re adrenal glands found?

A

on top of the kidneys (supra retnal)

27
Q

What are the cortex hormones?

A

aldosterone, cortisol, androgens

28
Q

where are the cells that produce cortisol found?

A

zona fasciculata

29
Q

what is the action of cortisols?

A

metabolic effects, permissive effect- immunological and anti inflammitory

30
Q

Where is aldosterone produced?

A

zona glomerulosa

31
Q

what is an action of aldosterone?

A

promotes reabsorption of sodium in kidneys, increases excretion of H, K

32
Q

what does excess glucocorticoid cause?

A

Cushing’s syndrome
poor wound healing, moon face, thin skin, bruising
can be drug induced

33
Q

what does excess androgens cause?

A

Adreno-genital syndrome
precocious development- height will not change though.

34
Q

What is the adrenal medulla?

A

modified sympathetic ganglion- controlled by sympatheic nerves

Human Systems (12 decks)

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