Endocrine System

Question 1

what is the definition of endocrinology

Answer 1

the study of hormones, their receptors, their intracellular signalling pathways and the diseases associated with them

Question 2

define the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 2

endocrine - does not have a duct system and secretes into the blood
exocrine - has a duct system

Question 3

give an example of an endocrine gland

Answer 3

thyroid

Question 4

give an example of an exocrine gland

Answer 4

salivary gland

Question 5

what is an example of a gland that is both endo and exocrine

Answer 5

pancreas

Question 6

match the characteristic to the type of gland

acts in short distances

Answer 6

exocrine

Question 7

match the characteristic to the type of gland

very target specific

Answer 7

exocrine

Question 8

match the characteristic to the type of gland

slow in response

Answer 8

endocrine

Question 9

which hormones are water soluble

Answer 9

protein hormones and catecholamines

Question 10

what are the three types of protein hormones

Answer 10

small peptides, polypeptides and glycoproteins

Question 11

what are the three lipid soluble hormones

Answer 11

steroids, thyroid hormones and eicosanoids

Question 12

true or false - protein hormones are not stored after they are made

Answer 12

false - they are, steroid hormones are not stored

Question 13

pick the correct pathway

a) hormone -> prehormone -> prohormone
b) prohormone -> prehormone -> hormone
c) prehormone -> prohormone -> hormone

Answer 13

c

Question 14

what are the two types of receptors

Answer 14

cell surface and intracellular receptors

Question 15

which type of receptors bind to lipid soluble hormones

Answer 15

intracellular receptors

Question 16

adrenaline and glucagon are examples of what subtype of receptor

Answer 16

G protein linked receptors

Question 17

explain the steps of the activation mechanism

Answer 17

1. enzyme binds to G protein
2. 2nd messenger comes in
3. protein kinase turns it on
4. protein phosphorylation
5. response of target cells

Question 18

insulin and GH are examples of what subtype of receptors

Answer 18

catalytic receptors

Question 19

what are the most common signalling mechanisms for cellular receptors

Answer 19

1. second messengers
2. enzyme activation by receptors
3. intrinsic enzymatic activity of receptor

Question 20

define up regulation

Answer 20

an increase in the number of receptors for a hormone

Question 21

describe the negative feedback loop of PTH secretion and Ca concentration in blood

Answer 21

1. low Ca -> endocrine cell is activated
2. release of PTH -> target cell
3. increase calcium in blood

Question 22

what is an example of a positive feedback loop mentioned in this lecture

Answer 22

uterine contraction and oxytocin secretion from the posterior pituitary

Question 23

a _____ hormone is a hormone that controls the secretion of another hormone

Answer 23

tropic

Question 24

what happens when there is hypo-responsiveness

Answer 24

abnormal receptors -> Dwarfism
defective cell signalling
defective enzyme function in target cells

Question 25

what is the difference between paracrine and autocrine cells

Answer 25

autocrine -> acts on itself paracrine -> acts on other cells surrrounding

Question 26

what are the two anterior pituitary hormones that target the ovaries and testes

Answer 26

FSH and LH

Question 27

true or false - FSH and LH are secreted from different cell types

Answer 27

false - from same cell types

Question 28

what is the main target of prolactin

Answer 28

mammary glands

Question 29

what kind of family do the hormones of the anterior pituitary gland belong to

Answer 29

protein family

Question 30

state the effect this hormone has on the anterior pituitary hormones thryotropin releasing hormone

Answer 30

increases TSH secretion

Question 31

state the effect this hormone has on the anterior pituitary hormones gonadotropin releasing hormone

Answer 31

increases LH and FSH secretion

Question 32

state the effect this hormone has on the anterior pituitary hormones somatostatin

Answer 32

decreases Prolactin

Question 33

where are the posterior pituitary hormones released from

Answer 33

they are released from nerve endings in the posterior pituitary

Question 34

where is oxytocin and ADH produced

Answer 34

in the cell bodies of the hypothalamus

Question 35

what is the most abundant APH

Answer 35

growth hormone

Question 36

when does the GH mainly promote growth

Answer 36

after birth

Question 37

how does GH affect fats

Answer 37

increases lipolysis -> increases free fatty acids for energy

Question 38

true or false - acute stress can decrease GH secretion

Answer 38

false -> it increases it

Question 39

what are the two disorders that can occur with too much GH

Answer 39

gigantism and acromegaly

Question 40

what is the specific disorder that stems from the mutation of the GH receptor

Answer 40

Laron dwarfism

Question 41

major source for ADH and vasopressin

Answer 41

supraoptic nucleus

Question 42

major source for oxytocin

Answer 42

paraventricular nucleus