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PHYSL 200 > Nerve, Muscle, Synapse > Flashcards

Nerve, Muscle, Synapse Flashcards

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1
Q

true or false - the withdrawal reflex is an autonomic behavior

A

true

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2
Q

what are the structures of the central nervous system

A

cerebral cortex, cerebellum, brainstem and spinal cord

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3
Q

what is the difference between the efferent and afferent neurons

A

afferent neurons - carry information from the outside to the spinal cords via the DORSAL roots
efferent neurons - carry information from the spinal cord to the outside via the VENTRAL roots

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4
Q

what are the name of the cells that are the most in number of the central nervous system

A

glia cells

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5
Q

what are the four functions of the different types of glia cells

A
  1. satellite cells provide structure/support neurons
  2. produce myelin
  3. radial glia guide neurons and development of axon’s outgrowth
  4. astrocytes form blood brain barrier
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6
Q

what are the cells in the PNS and CNS that make myelin

A

oligodendrocytes in CNS; Schwann cells in PNS

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7
Q

describe the stretch reflex

A
  1. patellar tendon is tapped
  2. makes the quadricep muscle stretch
  3. activates the afferent neuron
  4. then interneurons inhibit the efferent neuron
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8
Q

true or false - the synaptic terminals is the start/initial segment of the neuron

A

false - it is the axon hillock

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9
Q

what are the three different types of neurons

A

bipolar, pseudo-unipolar and multipolar

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10
Q

a motor neuron is

a) afferent
b) efferent

A

efferent

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11
Q

where is the bipolar neuron usually found

A

in the visual system (retina)

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12
Q

what is an example of a electrogenic transporter

A

Na/K pump

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13
Q

___ Na molecules move ___ of cell and ___ K meolcules move ___ cell

A

3, out, 2, in

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14
Q

is there a net positive or negative charge inside the cell

A

negative

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15
Q

true or false - leak channels are not always open

A

false they are always open

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16
Q

briefly describe leak channels

A
  • they passively allow ions in and out but they are very selective in which each ion has its own leak channel
  • two forces involved ; chemical and electrical gradient
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17
Q

what is the equilibrium potential for K and Na

A

K is -90mV
Na is +60mV

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18
Q

if there are both Na and K present in nerve cells, what happens to the resting membrane potential

A

the ion that has the most permeability to the membrane will impact the EM the most

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19
Q

if the RMP was +75, would there be more Na or k leak channels and why

A

there would be a lot more Na channels because its RMP on its own is about +60 so it is close to +75, therefore there is greater permeability to Na

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20
Q

choose the factors that do not play a role in setting RMP

Na, Cl-, K, and anions

A

Cl- and anions do not play a role because
1. Cl’s equilibrium potential = RMP
2. anions are too big

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21
Q

true or false - the cell can sometimes be at rest/quiet

A

false it is never quiet because either one of the ions is never happy until it has reached its preferable EP and when the cell is at -70mV, neither of the ions are happy

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22
Q

what is the definition of action potential

A

a change in membrane potential from -70mV to +30mV and then back to rest

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23
Q

at rest, the voltage gated channels are open/closed

A

closed

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24
Q

what is the difference between absolute and refractory period

A

absolute - not able to generate another AP
refractory - possibly able to generate another AP

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25
what is a major factor in keeping the signal flow in one direction
refractory period
26
what is the steps of an action potential being generated in terms of channels and gates
activated stimulus -> increase in permeability to Na ions -> Na flows in -> Na gate deactivates and K opens -> K rushes in -> so much rushes out that the membrane potential reaches below resting potential -> back to rest
27
which of the ions are associated with depolarizing and repolarizing phases
Na - depolarizing K - repolarizing
28
what is the term given to the spread of current inside an axon
electric conduction
29
what are the three types of neurons
inter/afferent/efferent neurons
30
true or false - afferent and efferent neurons can be inhibitory
false - only excitatory
31
what is myelin made of
80% lipid and 20% protein
32
complete the following scenarios if myelin is there.... if myelin is not there
if myelin is there, there is no need for regeneration of AP and so it is one smooth current if myelin is not there, the AP would leak out the nerve fibres
33
true or false - oligodendrocytes are found in the PNS
false - they are found in the CNS
34
what is the only place in the neuron that has myelin
axon
35
why is the myelin not continuous
because of nodes of ranvier
36
true or false - one oligodendrocytes ensheath many axons
true
37
many schwann cells ensheath many/1 axon
1 axon
38
does saltatory conduction occur with or without myelin
only when there is myelinated fibre
39
what happens with multiple sclerosis
the myelinated nerve fibres become degenerated therefore, the pattern of node ranvier and axons are abnormal -> AP is not generated at the speed its supposed to so there is inappropriate pain responses
40
define proprioceptor
occurs in muscle and allows us to know where our muscles are in space without looking
41
order the fibre types from lowest AP frequency to highest
Group 4, group 3, group 2, group 1
42
what are the associated sensory receptors with the fibre types
group 1 - skeletal muscle and proprioceptor group 2 - skin mechanoreceptor group 3 - pain and temperature group 4 - pain, itch and temperature
43
what is the direction of the AP
it arrives at the axon from left to right
44
true or false - synaptic transmission is only electrical
false - it is electrical or chemical
45
what is the significance of electrical synapses
it is fast and bidirectional
46
what is an important structure of electrical synapses
connexons - work to fuse two cells together
47
how does directly gated chemical synapses work
transmitter binds -> channel opens -> excitatory ions pass through (K and/or Na) -> for inhibition, Cl- or K will pass through
48
how does indirectly gated chemical synapses work
transmitter binds -> activation of 2nd messenger system -> causes cAMP to activate protein kinases to phosphorylate channels -> channels open/close -> ions flow in/out
49
how does the 2nd messenger system become activated
via G proteins - GTP activates adenylyl cyclase which then converts ATP to cAMP
50
what is the name of the 2nd messenger system
cAMP
51
true or false - receptor and effector(ion channel) are different molecules in indirectly gated chemical synaptic transmission
true
52
provide the differences between electrical and chemical synapses
chemical - flexibility, inhibition, plastic, complex electrical - inflexible, difficult to change, great for stereotypical behaviors
53
what is the course of events for synaptic transmission
1. action potential starts at the pre synaptic terminal 2. depolarization of pre synaptic terminal 3. Ca voltage gated channels open and influx of Ca 4. this influx of calcium allows the synaptic vessicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane 5. transmitter is released by exocytosis and binds to ligan gated ion channels 6. ions flow across membrane by their concentration gradient 7. the postsynaptic cell can either be hyperpolarized or depolarized 8. once the channel closes, the transmitter is then recycled
54
how can a presynaptic neuron be excitatory
it can release the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate - glutamate binds and opens the Na ligand gated channels - Na enters and causes depolarization aka EPSPs
55
how can a presynaptic neuron be inhibitory
it can release glycine or GABA - inhibitory transmitter binds and opens ligand gated Cl channels - Cl enters and causes hyperpolarization aka IPSPs - no more generation of APs
56
true or false - the synpatic potentials travel away from cell body
true
57
true or false - as the synpatic potentials travel, it gets stronger and stronger
false - it decays with distance
58
describe temporal summation
PSPs from a single presynaptic axon will overlap in time and add together - this happens when EPSPs are too small on their own so they are able to sum together to get to threshold and trigger an AP
59
describe spatial summation
PSPs in different regions of the postsynaptic neuron are added together - this happens when EPSPs from different areas on their own are too small on their own so they are able to sum together to get to threshold and trigger an AP
60
a neuron sits at -70mV and has a threshold of -50mV, it then receives 10 IPSPs of 0.5mV each and 20 EPSPs of 1mV each. does the cell fire an AP
first, the cell needs 20mV to fire an AP (50-70) - 10IPSPs x 0.5mV = -5 because it is hyperpolarized - 20 EPSPs x 1mV = +20 in total that is +15mV which is less than what it needed, therefore no AP is generated
61
compare PSP and AP in areas of amplitude, duration, location, conduction and function
PSP amplitude - depolarization or hyperpolarization duration - long location - dendrites and soma conduction - short distances function - moves the postsynaptic neuron closer to or further from threshold AP amplitude - all or none duration - short location - start at axon hillock to terminal conduction - long distances function - AP is conducted to the terminal where it causes a PSP in the post synaptic neuron
62
name the three types of muscle
smooth, cardiac and skeletal
63
of the three types of muscles, which are involuntary and voluntary
cardiac and smooth are involuntary skeletal is voluntary
64
where is smooth muscle found and what is its function
it is found in hollow organs functions : 1. regulates blood flow in arteries 2. moves food through GI tract 3. expels urine 4. regulates flow of air in lungs
65
what is the main function of cardiac muscle
found in the heart walls where it propels blood into the heart and through the circulatory system
66
true or false - skeletal muscle is non striated
false - it is striated
67
name 2 differences between synaptic transmission at a central synapse and a neuromuscular junction
1. one action potential in a motorneuron initiates one AP in a muscle cell 2. there are no inhibitory neurotransmitters that are released to stop the activity
68
how is muscle action stopped if there are no inhibitory neurotransmitters
lack of neurotransmitter, which means lack of activity = inhibition
69
how is acetycholine released and what happens when it is
it is contained in vesicles and it is released through exocytosis and into the synaptic cleft - when this happens, calcium ions are pumped out
70
what is a major role of calcium
it triggers contraction of muscles
71
what part of the sarcomere does not change during contraction and relaxation
the H zone
72
what are the steps of cross bridge cycling
1. influx of calcium allows the binding of site on actin to be available 2. myosin binds to actin 3. power stroke of cross bridge allows the sliding of the thin filaments 4. the cross bridge disconnects when ATP is bound to it 5. the cross bridge will reposition itself once ATP goes through hydrolysis 6. calcium ions travel back to the. sarcoplasmic reticulum
73
explain the three roles of ATP in muscle cells
1. energized the power stroke 2. disconnects the myosin cross bridge from actin binding site 3. helps transport Ca back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
74
what are the two types of muscle fibres
red and white
75
list the features of red muscle fibres
1. shorter than white fibres 2. lots of myoglobin so very red 3. lots of mitochondria 4. low glycogen content
76
list the features of white muscle fibres
1. larger than red fibres 2. not so much myoglobin so light in color 3. few mitochondria 4. high glycogen content
77
how do white muscle fibres synthesize ATP
through glycolysis because they have a high glyocgen content
78
how do red muscle fibres synthesize ATP
using Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation
79
what is another name for white muscle fibres
fast twitch glycolytic fibres
80
true or false - white muscle fibres are suited for activities requiring power and speed for a long period of time
false - it is only suitable for a short amount of time
81
true or false - red muscle fibres are fatigue resistant and have high endurance
true

PHYSL 200 (17 decks)

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