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PHYSL 200 > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

what is the receptor for taste and smell

A

chemoreceptors

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2
Q

what is the receptor for pain

A

nociceptors

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3
Q

what is the receptor for hearing and balance

A

mechanoreceptors

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4
Q

what is the receptor for temperature

A

thermoreceptors

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5
Q

what is the receptor for vision

A

Photoreceptors

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6
Q

define sensory perception

A

deconstruction of external world and reconstruction of the internal representation

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7
Q

____ is when sensory endings respond to a particular type of energy applied to them

A

adequate stimulus

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8
Q

the conversion of energy into ____ is called

A

electrochemical , primary transduction

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9
Q

what are the two scenarios of primary transduction in the visual and hearing systems

A

visual - converting photos of light in to change in membrane potential
hearing - converting pressure waves to the bending of hair cells

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10
Q

what needs to happen if the generator potential is hyperpolarizing

A

K leaves the cell

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11
Q

the magnitude of the generator potential is proportional/inversely proportional to the strength of stimulus

A

proportional

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12
Q

true or false - generator potentials are usually depolarizing

A

true

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13
Q

humans can detect light with wavelengths between

a) 200-700nm
b) 390-700nm
c) 390-500nm

A

b

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14
Q

humans can distinguish ____ colors
a) million
b) billion
c) hundreds

A

a

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15
Q

the tough white fibrous part of the eye is

A

the sclera

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16
Q

what part of the eye is covered by a thin membrane called a conjunctiva

A

cornea

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17
Q

what is right behind the cornea

A

the anterior chamber

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18
Q

___ is the clear fluid secreted by the _____

A

aqueous humor, ciliary body

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19
Q

where does the aqueous humor drain

A

canal of schlemm at the cornea scleral junction

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20
Q

what is a similarity between the anterior and posterior chamber

A

they are both filled with aqueous humor

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21
Q

the sclera is made of
a) connective tissue
b) elastic tissue
c) fibrous tissue

A

a

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22
Q

true or false the crystalline lens gets more elastic as we age

A

false - gets less elastic as we get older

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23
Q

what is immediately behind the anterior chamber

A

crystalline lens

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24
Q

explain the vitreous chamber

A

it is right behind the crystalline lens and filled with a gelatinous fluid called vitreous humor; it is under a lot of pressure

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25
what part of the eye contains several layers of cells and where is it located
back of the eye is the retina
26
rods and cones are a) processing cells b) receptor cells
b
27
what are the three types of processing cells
bipolar, ganglion and amacrine
28
how are the retinal visual cells nourished
by retinal pigment epithelium outside the neurosensory retina
29
how are the outer layers of retina nourished
by the choroid which provides oxygen and nourishment
30
what is the pathway of light
strikes cornea -> passes through anterior chamber -> pupil -> focuses on lens -> passes through the vitreous chamber -> strikes retina -> light absorbed by receptor cells -> any excess light not absorbed will be absorbed by the pigment cells to prevent reflection
31
what part of the eye is most affected by accommodation
the anterior curvature of the lens
32
suspensory ligaments are also called ____
zonule fibers
33
define refraction
deflection undergone by a light ray passing from one medium to another in which the velocity is different
34
____ is the distance from the cornea to the point where parallel light rays converge
focal distance
35
1/focal distance =
diopters
36
name the three refractive errors
myopia, hyperopia and presbyopia
37
myopia causes a) nearsightedness because of a too long eye b) far sightedness because of a too short eye c) nearsightedness because of a too short eye d) far sightedness because of a too long eye
a
38
what are the two parts of the eye that are the most important in properly focusing light entering the eyes
cornea and lens
39
explain this prescription -1.00, -1.25 X 180
-1.00 indicates the prescription corrects for nearsightedness -1.25 is the lens power for correction of astigmatism X 180 is the axis of lens power
40
what are the first layer of cells that the light strikes a) ganglion cells b) receptor cells
a
41
list the functions of retinal pigment epithelium
1. absorbs the light not absorbed by the photoreceptors 2. transports nutrients/ions to photoreceptors 3. helps regenerate 11-cis-retinal
42
true or false - photoreceptors undergo renewal
true - daily
43
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods 100-125 million per retina
rods
44
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods low sensitivity
cones
45
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods day vision
cones
46
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods more numerous in the retinal periphery
rods
47
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods lots of convergence
rods
48
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods vision in shades of grey
rods
49
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods concentrated in fovea
cones
50
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods 6 million per retina
cones
51
choose if this is a feature of cones or rods high acuity pathway
cones
52
list the steps of visual transduction in the DARK
DARK -> high concentration of cyclic GMP -> triggers depolarization -> initiates the opening of calcium channels in the synaptic terminal -> photoreceptors will release of glutamate -> inhibition of bipolar cells -> no longer any AP in ganglion cell and lateral geniculate nucleus
53
list the steps of visual transduction in the light
LIGHT -> isomerization of retinal -> G protein. transducin is activated -> activates phosphodiesterase -> breakdown of cGMP -> sodium channels close -> hyperpolarization -> calcium channels close -> prevents release of inhibitory transmitter -> excitation of bipolar cells -> AP in ganglion cell and lateral geniculate nucleus
54
what vitamin is retinal derived from
vitamin A
55
what are the differences between OFF and ON bipolar cells
OFF events - photoreceptor is depolarized -> light hyperpolarizes photoreceptor cells -> inhibition of glutamate release -> reduced excitation by glutamate receptors -> hyperpolarization of bipolar cells -> less neurotransmitter -> hyperpolarization of ganglion cells -> less AP ON cells - photoreceptor is depolarized -> light hyperpolarizes photoreceptor cells -> inhibition of glutamate release -> reduced inhibition -> depolarization of bipolar cells -> more neurotransmitter -> depolarization of ganglion cells -> more AP
56
all trans retinal is reduced to ____
trans retinol
57
how is pigment reformed
trans retinal is reduced to trans retinol -> exits cell -> transported to retinal pigment epithelium -> converted to 11-cis-retinal -> returns to rod -> combined with opsin
58
_____ is the only cell whose output goes to the brain
ganglion cells
59
stimulation of what causes a change in the output of bipolar/ganglion cells
receptive field
60
true or false - receptive fields do not overlap
false - they do
61
where are the axon terminals of the ON channels
inner plexiform layer
62
what do OFF bipolar cells express
AMPA and kainate type receptors
63
AMPA and kainate type receptors are anion/cation channels
cation
64
what do ON bipolar cells express
mGluR6, a metobotropic receptor
65
what happens when the metobortropic receptor binds to glutamate
closing of the cation channel TRPM1
66
true or false - all optic fibers cross at the optic chiasma
false - not all

PHYSL 200 (17 decks)

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