Endocrine System

Question 1

How does the endocrine system work?

Answer 1

Endocrine glands produce hormones
Travel in bloodstream to target organs
Hormones bind to specific receptors on the organs
Hormones affect and change in that organ

Question 2

What is the major function of the endocrine system

Answer 2

Homeostasis

Question 3

Endocrine vs nervous system in homeostasis

Answer 3

Both needed to regulate homeostasis

Question 4

Endocrine glands are

Answer 4

The basic unit of endocrine system

Question 5

How are hormones secreted?

Answer 5

Through the blood

Question 6

True or false: the endocrine glands have ducts

Answer 6

False they do not have ducts

Question 7

What types of hormones are there?

Answer 7

Proteins (peptide hormones)/amino acids
Steroids (lipids)

Question 8

Steroids are?

Answer 8

Water insoluble
Receptors in cytoplasm

Question 9

Proteins are?

Answer 9

Water soluble
Receptors on cell membrane

Question 10

What is half life

Answer 10

The time it takes for the body to eliminate or metabolize 1/2 the circulating hormone

Question 11

Protein hormones 1/2 life

Answer 11

Shorter

Question 12

Lipid/steroid 1/2 life

Answer 12

Longer

Question 13

Regulation of hormones run on what kind of feedback?

Answer 13

Negative feedback system

Question 14

Major endocrine glands

Answer 14

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads(ovaries/testes)

Question 15

What controls anterior pituitary

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

Question 16

The hypothalamus sends what to where?

Answer 16

Releasing hormones
Inhibitory hormones
To anterior pituitary

Question 17

Pituitary gland aka

Answer 17

Hypophysis

Question 18

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 18

Adenohypophysis
Glandular tissue

Question 19

Posterior pituitary gland

Answer 19

Neurohypophysis
Nervous tissue

Question 20

Which of the endocrine glands is considered the “master” gland?

Answer 20

Pituitary

Question 21

How is the anterior PG connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 21

Portal system of blood vessels

Question 22

What 7 hormones are made/secreted by APG?

Answer 22

Growth
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating
Adrenocortropic
Follicle stimulating
Luteinizing
Melanocyte stimulating

Question 23

Growth hormones does?

Answer 23

Growth of young animals
Regulation of metabolism
Muscles,bone and other tissues

Question 24

Growth hormone disorders

Answer 24

GH defiance-dwarfism
GH excess in adult cat- acromegaly

Question 25

Prolactin

Answer 25

Stimulates growth of mammary glands and milk production

Question 26

Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)

Answer 26

Thyroid gland

Question 27

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 27

Adrenal cortex Also released w/sympathetic nervous system stim

Question 28

Follicle stimulating hormone-FSH female

Answer 28

Stimulates follicles in ovary growth

Question 29

Luteinizing hormone-LH female

Answer 29

Causes ovulation-the follicle ruptures

Question 30

Follicle stimulating hormone-FSH male

Answer 30

Stimulates sperm development

Question 31

Luteinizing hormone-LH male

Answer 31

Stimulates testosterone production

Question 32

Melanocyte stimulating hormone-MSH

Answer 32

Melanocytes in skin

Question 33

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 33

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Oxytocin

Question 34

Antidiuretic Hormone

Answer 34

Acts on kidney tubules; water loss Released w/dehydration

Question 35

Oxytocin

Answer 35

Released into Mammary glands and uterus

Question 36

Thyroid gland

Answer 36

On either side of trachea caudal to larynx Two lobes connected by “isthmus”

Question 37

Thyroid gland anatomy

Answer 37

Thyroid follicles Parafollicular cells

Question 38

Thyroid follicles

Answer 38

Colloid in middle Thyroid hormone precursor

Question 39

Parafollicular cells

Answer 39

On the outer rim of follicular cells; smaller

Question 40

Thyroid hormones

Answer 40

T3- triiodothyronine **active hormone T4-tetraiodothyronine

Question 41

Thyroid hormone job

Answer 41

Target all cells Increase cellular metabolism Maintains body heat

Question 42

Hypothyroidism

Answer 42

Most common in dogs Obesity Lethargy Alopecia Intolerance to cold

Question 43

Hyperthyroidism

Answer 43

Common in cats Enlarged gland Weight loss w/increased appetite Scruffy Vomiting Diarrhea PU/PD/PP Rapid heart rate Vocal

Question 44

Calcitonin

Answer 44

Produced by Parafollicular cells Calcium regulation

Question 45

Parathyroid gland

Answer 45

Found on, in or near the thyroid gland

Question 46

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Answer 46

Calcium regulation Decrease blood calcium leads to increased PTH release

Question 47

Adrenal glands gross anatomy

Answer 47

Just under the kidneys

Question 48

Parts of the adrenal glands

Answer 48

Capsule Cortex Medulla

Question 49

Adrenal cortex

Answer 49

Zona Glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticular is

Question 50

Zona glomerulosa

Answer 50

Mineralocorticoids Target=kidney Na+ and K+ balance Water balance

Question 51

Zona Fasciculata

Answer 51

Glucorticoids Targets=all cells Cortisol and cortisone Immune system suppression

Question 52

Zona Reticularis

Answer 52

Androgens Estrogen and testosterone Effects are minimal

Question 53

Hyperadrenocorticism

Answer 53

Cushing’s Disease

Question 54

Hypoadrenocorticism

Answer 54

Addison’s Disease

Question 55

Adrenal medulla

Answer 55

Derived from nervous tissue Epinephrine Norepinephrine

Question 56

Pancreas

Answer 56

Located adjacent to the duodenum Extends across cranial abdomen

Question 57

Pancreas functions

Answer 57

Exocrine:digestive enzymes Endocrine: pancreatic islets

Question 58

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

Answer 58

Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells

Question 59

Alpha cells

Answer 59

Glucagon->liver->increased blood glucose

Question 60

Gluconeogenesis & Glycogen breakdown

Question 61

Beta cells

Answer 61

Insulin: allows cells to take in glucose, stimulates glucose to be stored as glycogen in the liver

Question 62

Blood glucose drops

Answer 62

Glucagon released

Question 63

Blood glucose increased

Answer 63

Insulin released

Question 64

Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 64

Lack of insulin Persistent HYPERglycemia

Question 65

Signs of diabetes mellitus

Answer 65

PU/PD Polyphasic

Question 66

Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKA

Answer 66

Long standing, untreated diabetes mellitus becomes an emergency

Question 67

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Answer 67

Testosterone

Question 68

Testosterone targets

Answer 68

Bone Muscle Prostate gland Penis Brain

Question 69

Testosterone is responsible for

Answer 69

Libido and 2 degree sex characteristics

Question 70

Estrogen targets

Answer 70

Mammary glands Bone Fat Uterus

Question 71

Produced by follicles in ovary

Answer 71

Estrogen

Question 72

Estrogen is responsible for

Answer 72

Libido Estrus(heat) 2 degree sex characteristics

Question 73

Produced by the corpus Luteum

Answer 73

Progesterone

Question 74

Progesterone targets

Answer 74

Uterus

Question 75

Progesterone is responsible for

Answer 75

Maintaining pregnancy

Question 76

Kidney

Answer 76

Erythropoietin Targets bone marrow Stimulates red blood cell production

Question 77

Placenta

Answer 77

Estrogens Progesterone Equine chorionic gonadotropin

Question 78

Thymus

Answer 78

Thymosin Immune system regulation

Question 79

Pineal body

Answer 79

Melatonin Wake/sleep cycles Possibly timing of estrus cycles

Question 80

GI secretions

Answer 80

Stomach- gastrin Sm intestine- secretin, cholecystokinen (CCK)

Question 81

Hormone- like substances

Answer 81

Prostaglandins