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Anatomy & Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

How does the endocrine system work?

A

Endocrine glands produce hormones
Travel in bloodstream to target organs
Hormones bind to specific receptors on the organs
Hormones affect and change in that organ

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2
Q

What is the major function of the endocrine system

A

Homeostasis

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3
Q

Endocrine vs nervous system in homeostasis

A

Both needed to regulate homeostasis

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4
Q

Endocrine glands are

A

The basic unit of endocrine system

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5
Q

How are hormones secreted?

A

Through the blood

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6
Q

True or false: the endocrine glands have ducts

A

False they do not have ducts

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7
Q

What types of hormones are there?

A

Proteins (peptide hormones)/amino acids
Steroids (lipids)

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8
Q

Steroids are?

A

Water insoluble
Receptors in cytoplasm

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9
Q

Proteins are?

A

Water soluble
Receptors on cell membrane

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10
Q

What is half life

A

The time it takes for the body to eliminate or metabolize 1/2 the circulating hormone

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11
Q

Protein hormones 1/2 life

A

Shorter

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12
Q

Lipid/steroid 1/2 life

A

Longer

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13
Q

Regulation of hormones run on what kind of feedback?

A

Negative feedback system

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14
Q

Major endocrine glands

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Gonads(ovaries/testes)

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15
Q

What controls anterior pituitary

A

Hypothalamus

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16
Q

The hypothalamus sends what to where?

A

Releasing hormones
Inhibitory hormones
To anterior pituitary

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17
Q

Pituitary gland aka

A

Hypophysis

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18
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

Adenohypophysis
Glandular tissue

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19
Q

Posterior pituitary gland

A

Neurohypophysis
Nervous tissue

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20
Q

Which of the endocrine glands is considered the “master” gland?

A

Pituitary

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21
Q

How is the anterior PG connected to the hypothalamus?

A

Portal system of blood vessels

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22
Q

What 7 hormones are made/secreted by APG?

A

Growth
Prolactin
Thyroid stimulating
Adrenocortropic
Follicle stimulating
Luteinizing
Melanocyte stimulating

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23
Q

Growth hormones does?

A

Growth of young animals
Regulation of metabolism
Muscles,bone and other tissues

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24
Q

Growth hormone disorders

A

GH defiance-dwarfism
GH excess in adult cat- acromegaly

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25
Q

Prolactin

A

Stimulates growth of mammary glands and milk production

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26
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone(TSH)

A

Thyroid gland

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27
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Adrenal cortex
Also released w/sympathetic nervous system stim

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28
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone-FSH female

A

Stimulates follicles in ovary growth

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29
Q

Luteinizing hormone-LH female

A

Causes ovulation-the follicle ruptures

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30
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone-FSH male

A

Stimulates sperm development

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31
Q

Luteinizing hormone-LH male

A

Stimulates testosterone production

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32
Q

Melanocyte stimulating hormone-MSH

A

Melanocytes in skin

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33
Q

Posterior Pituitary Gland

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin

34
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone

A

Acts on kidney tubules; water loss
Released w/dehydration

35
Q

Oxytocin

A

Released into Mammary glands and uterus

36
Q

Thyroid gland

A

On either side of trachea caudal to larynx
Two lobes connected by “isthmus”

37
Q

Thyroid gland anatomy

A

Thyroid follicles
Parafollicular cells

38
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

Colloid in middle
Thyroid hormone precursor

39
Q

Parafollicular cells

A

On the outer rim of follicular cells; smaller

40
Q

Thyroid hormones

A

T3- triiodothyronine **active hormone
T4-tetraiodothyronine

41
Q

Thyroid hormone job

A

Target all cells
Increase cellular metabolism
Maintains body heat

42
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Most common in dogs
Obesity
Lethargy
Alopecia
Intolerance to cold

43
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Common in cats
Enlarged gland
Weight loss w/increased appetite
Scruffy
Vomiting
Diarrhea
PU/PD/PP
Rapid heart rate
Vocal

44
Q

Calcitonin

A

Produced by Parafollicular cells
Calcium regulation

45
Q

Parathyroid gland

A

Found on, in or near the thyroid gland

46
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Calcium regulation
Decrease blood calcium leads to increased PTH release

47
Q

Adrenal glands gross anatomy

A

Just under the kidneys

48
Q

Parts of the adrenal glands

A

Capsule
Cortex
Medulla

49
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Zona Glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticular is

50
Q

Zona glomerulosa

A

Mineralocorticoids
Target=kidney
Na+ and K+ balance
Water balance

51
Q

Zona Fasciculata

A

Glucorticoids
Targets=all cells
Cortisol and cortisone
Immune system suppression

52
Q

Zona Reticularis

A

Androgens
Estrogen and testosterone
Effects are minimal

53
Q

Hyperadrenocorticism

A

Cushing’s Disease

54
Q

Hypoadrenocorticism

A

Addison’s Disease

55
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Derived from nervous tissue
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

56
Q

Pancreas

A

Located adjacent to the duodenum
Extends across cranial abdomen

57
Q

Pancreas functions

A

Exocrine:digestive enzymes
Endocrine: pancreatic islets

58
Q

Pancreatic Islets (Islets of Langerhans)

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells

59
Q

Alpha cells

A

Glucagon->liver->increased blood glucose

60
Q

Gluconeogenesis & Glycogen breakdown

A
61
Q

Beta cells

A

Insulin: allows cells to take in glucose, stimulates glucose to be stored as glycogen in the liver

62
Q

Blood glucose drops

A

Glucagon released

63
Q

Blood glucose increased

A

Insulin released

64
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Lack of insulin
Persistent HYPERglycemia

65
Q

Signs of diabetes mellitus

A

PU/PD
Polyphasic

66
Q

Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKA

A

Long standing, untreated diabetes mellitus becomes an emergency

67
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

A

Testosterone

68
Q

Testosterone targets

A

Bone
Muscle
Prostate gland
Penis
Brain

69
Q

Testosterone is responsible for

A

Libido and 2 degree sex characteristics

70
Q

Estrogen targets

A

Mammary glands
Bone
Fat
Uterus

71
Q

Produced by follicles in ovary

A

Estrogen

72
Q

Estrogen is responsible for

A

Libido
Estrus(heat)
2 degree sex characteristics

73
Q

Produced by the corpus Luteum

A

Progesterone

74
Q

Progesterone targets

A

Uterus

75
Q

Progesterone is responsible for

A

Maintaining pregnancy

76
Q

Kidney

A

Erythropoietin
Targets bone marrow
Stimulates red blood cell production

77
Q

Placenta

A

Estrogens
Progesterone
Equine chorionic gonadotropin

78
Q

Thymus

A

Thymosin
Immune system regulation

79
Q

Pineal body

A

Melatonin
Wake/sleep cycles
Possibly timing of estrus cycles

80
Q

GI secretions

A

Stomach- gastrin
Sm intestine- secretin, cholecystokinen (CCK)

81
Q

Hormone- like substances

A

Prostaglandins

Anatomy & Physiology (11 decks)

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