ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Question 1

define a hormone

Answer 1

chemical secretion from endocrine gland

Question 2

how are hormones transported around the body

Answer 2

transported in the body via blood affecting cells

Question 3

where are receptors located for protein amine hormones ?

Answer 3

attach to receptors in outside of the cell
not able to cross cell membrane

Question 4

where are receptors located for steroid hormones ?

Answer 4

attach to receptors on inside of the cell
able to cross the cell membrane

Question 5

which type of hormones alter gene expression

Answer 5

steroid hormones

Question 6

which type of hormones alter enzyme activity

Answer 6

protein/amine hormones

Question 7

what are paracrines?

Answer 7

local hormones - released by cells in particular tissues to communicate with adjacent cells in tissue

Question 8

what is enzyme amplication

Answer 8

1 hormone leads to production of thousands of enzymes

Question 9

what is hormone clearance

Answer 9

when the hormone has produced its desired effect - needs to be turned off

Question 10

define negative feedback

Answer 10

response produced by secretions of hormones being opposite to stimulus that caused secretion
(oppose stimulus change)

Question 11

what are the two lobes of the pituitary gland and where are they located

Answer 11

Anterior Pituitary Gland ( FRONT )
Posterior Pituitary Gland ( BACK )

Question 12

how is the pituitary gland connected to the hypothalamus?

Answer 12

via the infundibulum

Question 13

how is the PPG connected to the hypothalamus ?

Answer 13

via nerve cells (neurosecretory cells)

Question 14

how is the APG connected to the hypothalamus ?

Answer 14

via blood vessels

Question 15

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the APG

Answer 15

hypothalamus makes release factors for the specific hormone needing to be made
sends it to the APG via blood vessels in the infundibulum
these release factors bind to specific endocrine receptor cells in APG
stimulating it to make/release the hormone into the blood

Question 16

what hormones are made in the APG?

Answer 16

Growth Hormone
TSH ( thyroid stimulating ) hormone
FSH ( follicle stimulating ) hormone
LH ( luteinising ) hormone
ACTH ( adrenocorticotrophic ) hormone
Prolactin

Question 17

what hormones are released by the PPG?

Answer 17

Oxytocin
Anti diuretic Hormone

Question 18

where is the Pineal gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 18

located deep inside brain
secretes melatonin involved in regulation of sleep patterns

Question 19

where is the Thyroid gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 19

located in the neck, below larynx
secretes thyroxine and calcitonin

Question 20

describe the function of thyroxine on the body

Answer 20

thyroxine acts to increase metabolic rate, which increases heat production

Question 21

describe the function of calcitonin

Answer 21

acts to decrease blood calcium - opposing parathormone

Question 22

where is the Parathyroid gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 22

located in chest, above heart, sternum
secretes parathormone (parathyroid hormone)
4x on THYMUS

Question 23

what effect does parathormone (parathyroid hormone) have on the body

Answer 23

increases calcium and phosphate levels in the blood

Question 24

where is the Thymus gland located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 24

located in chest, above heart, sternum
secretes thymosins

Question 25

what effect do thymosis have on the body?

Answer 25

activates maturation of T cells , increasing immune function

Question 26

where are the adrenal glands located ?

Answer 26

above each kidney

Question 27

where is the adrenal medulla gland located and what hormone does it secrete ? (2)

Answer 27

Inner adrenal gland - Adrenaline - Noradrenaline produces hormones involved in fight and flight response

Question 28

what effect does adrenaline have on the body ?

Answer 28

prepares boys for reaction to life threatening situation

Question 29

what effect does noradrenaline have on the body?

Answer 29

increases the rate and force of heartbeat

Question 30

where is the Adrenal Cortex gland located and what hormones does it secrete ? (2)

Answer 30

located on the outer of the adrenal gland 20+ hormones produced (corticosteroids) 1. Aldosterone 2. Cortisol

Question 31

what effect does aldosterone have on the body

Answer 31

salt-retention hormone acting on the kidney to reduce the amount of sodium in urine and increase the amount of potassium in urine to be excreted

Question 32

what effect does cortisol have on the body

Answer 32

promotes normal metabolism by helping the body withstand stress and repairs damaged tissue

Question 33

where is the pancreas located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 33

below stomach secretes INSULIN and GLUCAGON controlling blood glucose levels

Question 34

what effect does insulin have on the body and what cells secrete this

Answer 34

Insulin is secreted from BETA cells in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS - acts to reduce blood glucose levels by promoting the storage of glucose in tissues

Question 35

what effect does Glucagon have on the body and what cells secrete this?

Answer 35

Glucagon is secreted from ALPHA cells in ISLETS OF LANGERHANS - acts to increase glucose levels in the blood by promoting breakdown of glycogen to glucose and fat in liver/fat stores to make glucose

Question 36

where is the Ovary located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 36

female reproductive system - estrogen - progesterone

Question 37

what effect does oestrogen and progesterone have on the female body? (2)

Answer 37

stimulates development of female sex characteristics regulates menstrual cycles and involved in changes during pregnancy

Question 38

where are the Testes located and what hormone does it secrete ?

Answer 38

located in male reproductive system releases ANDROGENS

Question 39

what effect does androgens have on the male body?

Answer 39

responsible for development of male sex characteristics

Question 40

what are the two factors that are similar in both type 1 and 2 diabetes ?

Answer 40

high glucose levels in blood (hyperglycaemia) excess urination, fatigue, thirst, glucose in urine

Question 41

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes does not make insulin?

Answer 41

Type 1

Question 42

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is insulin resistant?

Answer 42

type 2

Question 43

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is early onset?

Answer 43

type 1

Question 44

which out of type 1 and 2 diabetes is late onset?

Answer 44

type 2

Question 45

what causes type 1 diabetes ?

Answer 45

genetics autoimmune disease ( beta cells destroyed )

Question 46

what causes type 2 diabetes?

Answer 46

poor diet lifestyle choices lack of exercise smoking

Question 47

define hyperthyroidism

Answer 47

too much thyroxine ex. Graves’ disease (enlargement of thyroid gland caused by immune system reaction) ⬆️ thyroxine ⬆️ metabolic rate ⬆️ heat production

Question 48

define hypothyroidism

Answer 48

too little thyroxine ex. problems with thyroid gland/pituitary gland Hashimotos - autoimmune disease ⬇️ thyroxine ⬇️ metabolic rate ⬇️ heat production

Question 49

4 symptoms of HYPERthyroidism

Answer 49

feel hot weight loss fatigue increased appetite

Question 50

4 symptoms of HYPOthyroidism

Answer 50

feel cold weight gain fatigue decreased appetite goitre

Question 51

3 causes of HYPERthyroidism

Answer 51

pituitary secreting too much thyroxine autoimmune disease antibodies mimicking TSH

Question 52

3 causes of HYPOthyroidism

Answer 52

pituitary secreting too little thyroxine iodine deficiency

Question 53

3 treatments for HYPERthyroidism

Answer 53

surgery radioactive iodine drugs blocking iodine

Question 54

3 treatments for HYPOthyroidism

Answer 54

increase iodine levels (iodine tablets) thyroxine tablets

Question 55

passage of information for endocrine and nervous system

Answer 55

endocrine : chemicals /hormones nervous : electrical conduction

Question 56

sensory receptors in endocrine and nervous system (absent or there)

Answer 56

endocrine - absent nervous system- present

Question 57

rapidity of endocrine and nervous

Answer 57

endocrine - slow nervous system- rapid

Question 58

connection to target cells in endocrine and nervous system

Answer 58

endocrine - not connected to target cells nervous - directly connected to target cells

Question 59

response to message in endocrine and nervous system

Answer 59

endocrine - slow (produced by all cells if target tissue) nervous - quick ( limited to cells connected to nerves )

Question 60

role in growth and development in endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 60

endocrine - controls G/D nervous system- little control of G/D

Question 61

components making up endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 61

endocrine - glands and secretions nervous - neurons, nerves, organs

Question 62

duration of time (effect) of endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 62

endocrine - chemical = longer lasting nervous - nervous = shorter lasting

Question 63

actions (vol/invol) of endocrine and nervous systems

Answer 63

endocrine - involuntary nervous - involuntary/voluntary