Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Human Bio ATAR > IMMUNE SYSTEM > Flashcards

IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards

(73 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of Bacteria

A

Unicellular prokaryote
divided by binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 2 characteristics of a virus

A

non-living acellular
contains genetic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the 3 steps of virus reproduction

A
  1. infects and injects DNA/RNA
  2. infected cells is induced to translate/transcribe the genes of DNA/RNA
  3. virus particles then able to leave host cell to infect others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the 6 modes of pathogen transmission

A
  1. Contact - directed and undirected
  2. Transmission through droplets
  3. Bodily fluid transfer
  4. Airborne transmission
  5. Ingestion transmission
  6. Vector transmission
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are 2 characteristics of Non-specific defence

A

all pathogen protection
first/second line of defence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are 3 characteristics of specific defence

A
  1. particular pathogen targeted
  2. 3rd line of defence
  3. antibodies against specific virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 5 modes of external defence

A
  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. acids
  4. mouth
  5. bodily openings
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

why is skin effective as a component of external defence (4)

A

stratified epithelial structure
bacteria occupies surface (preventing growth)
sebum oily secretion preventing cracking
sweat - salty preventing growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

why are mucous membranes effective in external defence

A
  • membranes secrete mucous (trapping microorganisms
  • contains lysosome
  • cilia traps foreign particles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are acids an effective component of external defence

A

acids reduce growth of microorganisms (strongly acidic killing bacteria)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

why is the mouth an effective component of external defence

A

saliva contains lysosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

why are bodily openings an effective component of external defence

A

nose - hair/mucus
eyes - mucus membrane protection
ears - ceraumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the 4 protective reflexes in external defence

A
  1. coughing
  2. sneezing
  3. vomiting
  4. Diarrhoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death - infected cells, cancerous cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what cells do specific defence include

A

T cells
B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what cells does non-specific defence include

A

macrophages
neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define the humoral response/antibody-mediated

A

antibody-mediated
- production of antibodies to attack invading pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define the cell-mediated

A

formation of special cells (killer cells) to invade foreign agents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what cells to B cells produce and where do they mature ?

A

Produce Antibodies
Mature in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what do T cells provide and where do they mature ?

A

Provide cell-mediated immunity
mature in thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what cells are involved in antibody-mediated immunity ?

A

plasma cells
memory B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do plasma cells do

A

produce antibodies that attack the antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what do memory T/B cells do

A

spread around the body and are present for a faster response next time exposed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Killer T cells
Helper T cells
suppressor T cells
memory T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do killer T-cells do
kill cells infected with the vial pathogen
26
what do helper T-cells do
intensify immune response secreting cytokines which activate more B/T cells
27
what do suppressor T-cells do
control and regulate immune response and help end immune response (opposes helper T cells)
28
define inflammation
the response to tissue damage involving swelling, heat, pain and redness of infected area
29
4 functions of inflammation
1. mobilise defensive cells 2. limits spread of pathogens 3. kills pathogens - removing damaged cells/cell debris 4. initiates repair of damaged cells
30
4 signs of inflammation
1. redness 2. swelling 3. heat 4. pain
31
define 4 functions of fever
1. inhibits growth of bacteria / viruses 2. speeds up rate of chemical reactions in body 3. increases heart rate and blood flow (WBC reach site quicker) 4. increases effect of interferon (interfering with viral reproduction)
32
how is fever produced
during inflammatory response, some white blood cells release PYROGENS which act on HYPOTHALAMUS to reset body’s thermostat to a higher temp
33
when body’s thermostat is raised what does a person do?
persons body temp - LOWER THAN NORMAL ( new thermostat temp) feels cold - shiver/vasoconstrict
34
when thermostat is raised, what type of activities does the body do
heat conserving and producing activities are done to drive temp up rapidly = breaks fever
35
when fever breaks what does a person do?
FEVER BREAKS persons body temp - HIGHER THAN USUAL ( @ fever ) feels cold - sweat / vasodilate
36
define the function of the lymphatic system
collects fluid that escapes from blood capillaries and returns it into the circulatory system BODY’s INTERNAL DEFENCE
37
what is a lymphocyte
white blood cell that is responsible for immune response
38
define an Antigen
any substance capable of causing the formation of antibodies when introduced into the tissues capable of causing specific immune response
39
define self antigen
molecules that don’t trigger an immune tesponse
40
define non-self antigen
foreign molecules that trigger an immune response
41
define an Antibody
a substance produced in response to a specific antigens combines with antigen to neutralise and destroy it ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX
42
define Antibiotics
drugs used to fight BACTERIAL infections
43
what are broad-spectrum antibiotics
effective at killing wide range of bacteria
44
what are narrow spectrum antibiotics
only effective at killing specific disease causing microorganisms
45
define Bacteriocidal
KILLS BACTERIA by changing structure of cell membrane, or by disrupting the action of enzymes
46
define Bacteriostatic
STOPS BACTERIA FROM REPRODUCING through disrupting protein-synthesis or inhibiting DNA replication
47
what are antivirals
drugs used to specifically treat viral infections
48
define immunisation
programming the immune system
49
define a vaccination
artificial introduction of antigens of pathogenic organisms so that the ability to produce antibodies is acquired without person having to suffer disease
50
4 types of artificial immunisation (vaccine)
1. living attenuated microorganisms 2. dead microorganisms 3. toxoids 4. sub-unit
51
2 types of immunity
natural immunity artificial immunity
52
define immunity
resistance to infection by invading microorganisms
53
what is natural immunity
occurs without human intervention
54
what is artificial immunity
results from giving an antibody/antigen
55
2 characteristics of ACTIVE immunity
produced own antibodies (given antigens to produce antibodies) exposed to antigens (self/nonself)
56
4 characteristics of PASSIVE immunity
given antibodies no exposure to antigens no immune response no memory cells
57
define Living attenuated microorganisms
Attenuated - reduced ability to cause disease symptoms
58
Pro’s for Living attenuated microorganisms
stimulates excellent immune response / can replicate
59
Cons for Living attenuated microorganisms
microorganisms can mutate, living bacteria can be contaminated by virus
60
define what is in the Dead microorganism vaccines
Dead pathogen microorganism is injected into to patient
61
Pro of dead microorganism vaccines
no live components so no risk of developing disease
62
Cons of dead microorganism vaccines
not living - may not induce strong immune response
63
What does a Sub-unit vaccine include
a fragment/particular protein of a particular pathogen used and injected
64
Subunit vaccine Pro
components aren’t living response can be safer/more stable
65
Subunit vaccine cons
effort/cost requires to research the particular fragment that will produce the effective response
66
What is a Toxoid vaccine
Bacteria produce their effects on human by releasing toxins - teach body how to kill toxin, not bacteria toxin from a pathogenic organism that is altered so that it is no longer toxic
67
Toxoid vaccine Pro
cannot cause disease vaccine antigens not actively multiplying
68
Toxoid vaccine cons
may require several doses / booster shots
69
define Herd Immunity
resistance to the spread of an infectious disease within a population that is based on pre-existing immunity due to an increased proportion of individuals as a result of a previous infection/vaccination
70
define a booster shot
additional dose of the vaccine needed to periodically ‘boost’ immune system
71
2 Social concerns of vaccines
- internet/media - misinformation about risks/benefits on immunisation - recent growth in popularity of alternative medicine gives the beliefs that vaccines are greater risk than benefit
72
2 cultural concerns of vaccines
religious beliefs traditional medicine is considered superior to conventional medicine
73
2 economic concerns of vaccines
developing countries (average income - lower parent education) costs associated with vaccines my be too expensive

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions