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Human Bio ATAR > NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

what does the dorsal root ganglion contain

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

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2
Q

what does the dorsal root contain

A

axons of sensory neurons taking information from the body to the spinal cord

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3
Q

what does the central root contain

A

contains the axons of motor neuron’s taking information from the brain to the body

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4
Q

what 3 structures protect the central nervous system

A

bone
meninges
cerebrospinal fluid

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5
Q

list the 3 meninges in order from outer to inner

A

DURA MATER - tough and fibrous
ARACHNOID MATER - loose mesh fibres
PIA MATER - delicate

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6
Q

list the 3 functions of Cerebrospinal fluid

A

protection - acting as a shock absorber and cushions the CNS

support - keeps brain suspended in cranium

nutrients - circulates through the central nervous system carrying nutrients to the brain and spinal cord

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7
Q

what does grey matter contain (3)

A

nerve cell bodies
myelinated fibres
central canal

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8
Q

what does white matter contain (2)

A

myelinated fibres
bundles of fibres arranged in ascending and descending tracts

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9
Q

what is the function of the spinal cord

A

carrying impulses to and from the body via the ascending (sensory info to brain) and descending (motor info to body) tracts of white matter

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10
Q

what is the function of the hypothalamus

A

maintaining homeostasis
controlling hormone secretion

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11
Q

what is the function of the medulla oblongata

A

automatically adjusts body functions

cardiac centre - regulating heart beat
respiratory centre - regulating breathing rate
vasomotor centre - regulating the diameter of blood vessels

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12
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

conscious level

coordinates fine / controlled motor movement
muscle tone control (balance)
storing memory

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13
Q

what is the function of the corpus callosum

A

nerve fibres connecting both hemispheres, allowing both sides to communicate with eachother

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14
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum (3x tracts)

A

tracts connecting areas within same hemisphere
tracts carrying impulses between hemispheres
tracts connecting cortex to other parts of brain and spinal cord

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15
Q

what does the left hemisphere control

A

right side of body
verbal function
speaking, reading, writing, analysis, logic

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16
Q

what does the right hemisphere control

A

left side of body
non-verbal functions
emotion, intuition, music, art, belief, picture

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17
Q

what is the role of the frontal lobe

A

movement and intelligence
thinking, problem solving, emotion, personality

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18
Q

what is the role of the parietal lobe

A

processing sensory information such as temperature, touch, taste and pain

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19
Q

what is the role of the temporal lobe

A

receives auditory information
processes memories through linking sense

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20
Q

what is the role of the occipital lobe

A

receiving visual information from eyes

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21
Q

what is the function of a neuron

A

generating electrochemical signals/impulses carried from one body part to another

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22
Q

what is the function of the neurolemma

A

outer of shwann cells, repairing injury

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23
Q

what is the function of shwann cells

A

firing myelin sheathe by wrapping around the axon depositing layers of myelin around each coil as they wrap

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24
Q

what are the 3 functions of myelin sheathe

A

insulator - preventing electrical current from leaving cell

protection - protection of axon

Speed - speeds up electrical conduction along axon

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25
what is the electrical conduction called along a myelinated axon
saltatory conduction
26
what are unipolar neurons usually?
sensory neurons
27
what are multipolar neurons usually?
motor neurons interneurons
28
what are 2 characteristics of unipolar neurons
1x extension connecting to a continuous axon
29
what are 3 characteristics of bipolar neurons
2x extensions 1x axon 1x dendrite
30
what are 3 characteristics of multipolar neurons
multiple extensions 1x axon lots of dendrites
31
what are 4 distinct differences between motor and sensory neurons
MOTOR - impulses from CNS -> body SENSORY - impulses from body -> CNS MOTOR - multipolar SENSORY - Unipolar MOTOR - cell body in grey matter of spinal cord SENSORY - cell body is dorsal root ganglion MOTOR - pass through ventral root SENSORY - pass through dorsal root
32
define synapse
junction between branches of adjacent neurons
33
how is a nerve impulse transferred rapidly across a nerve fibre (2)
1. change in electrical voltage 2. change in concentration of positive and negative ions inside/outside of cell membrane of a neuron
34
what is the resting membrane potential of unstimulated nerve cells ?
-70mV
35
where is extracellular fluid and what ions does it contain
fluid outside of cell containing Sodium ions
36
where is intracellular fluid and what ions does it contain
inside of cell containing potassium ions (K+) and large organic ions (-)
37
what occurs at resting membrane potential if a stimulus occurs?
if sodium or potassium leaves cell, pumped back by sodium potassium pump stimulus occurs, sodium gated channels open for sodium to flow into cell
38
what occurs at threshold?
-55mV is reached enough sodium enters the cell to reach -55mV (threshold)
39
what occurs during depolarisation?
sodium enters inside of cell causing the inside of the cell to become more positive and the outside becomes more negative
40
what occurs at the peak of the membrane potential arc?
everything is inside of the neuron cell sodium channels close potassium voltage-gated channels open
41
what occurs during repolatisation?
potassium leaves the cell via potassium voltage-gated channels
42
what occurs during hyperpolarisation
sodium and potassium pump swaps the sodium and potassium by pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium back into the cell
43
what is a refractory period?
during membrane potential/ for a beige time afterward, part of the nerve cannot be stimulated to respond again ends when resting membrane potential is regained
44
what is meant by the all or none response ?
depolarisation only occurs if initial stimulus is strong enough (exceeds threshold) to open sodium gated channels
45
how is resting membrane potential maintained ? (3)
1. highly permeable to potassium and chlorine ions 2. only slightly permeable to sodium ions 3. impermeable to negative organic ions
46
what is the difference between stimulus gated and voltage gated channels?
stimulus gated - open relative to stimulus and are always open depending on size of stimulus voltage gated - open/close according to voltage of membrane = never always open, only open OR closed
47
where are transmitters released into from the axon terminal ?
into the synaptic cleft
48
what is the role of excitatory neurotransmitters
cause action potential in the receiving neuron
49
what is the role of inhibitory neurotransmitters
causing hyperpolarisation in receiving neuron making it hard to generate action potential
50
what happens if excitatory neurotransmitters bind to the receptors of the post synaptic cell?
ion channels open, influx of sodium into cell, causing threshold to be reached and action potential to be triggered
51
what happens to the neurotransmitter after it has binded to the receptor and passed in its action potential?
recycled back into the pre-synaptic cell
52
what type of neurotransmitter is adrenaline?
excitatory
53
what type of neurotransmitter is acetylcholine
both excitatory and inhibitory
54
define receptor
structure able to detect a change in the bodies internal/external environment specialised to respond by producing an electrical/chemical discharge (AP)
55
define the role of thermoreceptors and their location
respond to heat and cold in the skin and hypothalamus warm - fire fast if warmed cold - fire fast if cold
56
define the role of osmoreceptors and where they are located
detect the changes in osmotic pressure within the body located in the hypothalamus which stimulate the hypothalamus to maintain water content in the body
57
define the role of chemoreceptors and their location
stimulated by specific chemicals chemicals bind to channels - ligand located in the nose - sensitive to odour located in aortic and carotid bodies detecting blood gas levels
58
define the role of mechanoreceptors
sensitive to touch light touch receptors that are able to adapt rapidly located on skin surface and base of hair follicles
59
define the role of nociceptors
sensitive to pain stimulated by tissue damage important for making body aware to take action and seek medical advice located on skin surface and mucous membranes
60
define reflex
rapid, automatic response in external/internal environment
61
what are the 4 characteristics of a reflex
S - stimulus is required to trigger a reflex I - involuntary (without conscious control) R - Rapid occurring quickly S - Stereotyped (happens the same @ every occurrence)
62
what occurs during a spinal reflex ?
message is not sent to the brain first the message is passed to motor neurons at another level on the spinal cord impulse is sent to brain after reflex to become consciously aware RECEPTOR —> EFFECTOR = SPINAL REFLEX
63
what does the central nervous system involve
brain and spinal cord
64
what does the peripheral nervous system involve
12x cranial nerves 31x spinal nerves
65
what branches come off the peripheral nervous system ?
Afferent (sensory) Efferent (motor)
66
what branches off the efferent division of the nervous system ?
somatic (voluntary) autonomic (involuntary)
67
what is the effector in the somatic nervous system
voluntary skeletal muscles
68
what is the function of the somatic nervous system
respond to the external environment
69
which of the somatic and autonomic contains a ganglion ?
autonomic nervous system
70
what is the effector of the autonomic nervous system ?
involuntary muscles and glands such as the heart
71
what is the function of the autonomic nervous system?
to maintain the bodies internal homeostasis levels
72
what does the autonomic nervous system branch into
sympathetic (fight/flight) division parasympathetic (rest and digest) division
73
what regions of the spinal cord arise during a fight or flight response?
lumbar and thoracic region
74
what region of the spinal cord arises during a rest and digest response?
the cranial and spinal regions (upper and lower)
75
what neurotransmitters are released during a fight and flight response ?
acetylcholine released to the first ganglion noradrenaline released to the effector
76
what neurotransmitters are released in a rest and digest response?
acetylcholine both to the ganglion and effector
77
which has a longer pre-ganglionic axon
parasympathetic nervous system
78
what causes parkinson’s disease and what part of the nervous system is affected?
basal ganglion region in the substantial nigra (dopaminergic neurons) dopaminergic cells stop making dopamine
79
what are 3 symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
shakiness/tremours cognitive improvement sleep disorders mental health disorders
80
what are 2 treatments for parkinson’s disease?
cell replacement therapy - replacing damaged dopaminergic cells levodopa/dopamine drugs physiotherapy, deep brain stimulation
81
what causes alzheimers disease?
slow plaque growth covering cerebrum which degenerates neuron’s
82
what part of the brain is affected by alzheimers disease?
cerebrum
83
what are 3 symptoms of alzheimers?
memory loss aggression/irratic behaviour difficulty thinking/understanding inability to control muscles
84
what are 2 treatments for alzheimers
physical exercise cognition enhancing medication
85
is cell replacement therapy possible for alzheimers disease? why?
not possible too many cells affected in different areas

Human Bio ATAR (7 decks)

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