Endocrine System

Question 1

Read over the following pathologies of the endocrine system?

Answer 1

Pituitary Tumours
Acromegaly
Cushing’s Syndrome
Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism

Question 2

What is the purpose of the pituitary gland?

Answer 2

Release of hormones that tells the body to do things

Question 3

What would be the result of a pituitary tumour?

Answer 3

Might stop hormones from being expressed or to create more hormones

Question 4

Where is the pituitary gland located?

Answer 4

In the sella turcica

Question 5

What size of pituitary indicates a Microadenoma?

Answer 5

<10mm

Question 6

What size of pituitary indicates a macroadenoma?

Answer 6

> 10mm

Question 7

T/F

Microadenoma is Secretary

Answer 7

True

Question 8

T/F

Macroadenoma is also secretary

Answer 8

False; Inhibiting

Question 9

What are pituitary tumours best seen with?

Answer 9

Best seen with MRI

Question 10

What is Hyperpituitarism?

Answer 10

A type of pituitary tumour that causes excessive secretion of one or more pituitary hormones or hyperplasia of anterior lobe

Question 11

What is the most common type of hormone released with hyperpituitarism?

Answer 11

Prolactin

Question 12

T/F

Hyperpituitarism can cause different pathologies

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is acromegaly?

Answer 13

-Excessive growth hormone after bone growth has stopped and generalized overgrowth of body tissues

Question 14

What is the physical appearance of someone with acromegaly?

Answer 14

-Longer mandible and increased angle
-Enlarged hands, feet, face, and soft tissues

Question 15

What are the radiographic signs of acromegaly?

Answer 15

-Enlarged sinuses-Especially the frontal sinuses
-Thicker, denser skull bones (frontal bossing)-Cave man appearance
-Expansion/erosion of sella turcica-Because tumor is often there
-Joint space widening
-Scalloping of posterior vertebral bodies-also seen in achondroplasia (because it affects the normal shape of the vertebral bodies)
-Early degenerative changes
-Thick heel pads (>23mm)

Question 16

What is Hypopituitarism

Answer 16

-Decreased secretion of pituitary hormones and a generalized decrease in bone growth and maturation if present before puberty

Question 17

What is the majority of hypopituitarism cases caused by?

Answer 17

Majority caused by pituitary tumours-Macroadenomas

Question 18

What causes cushing syndrome?

Answer 18

Chronic exposure to excessive glucocorticoids
1.Adrenal hyperplasia-Adrenal glands enlarged because there are too many cells
2.Excessive steroid administration
3.Secretory tumours

Question 19

What are the Signs/Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 19

-Increased blood lipid levels
-Truncal Obesity
-Moon-shaped face
-Fat pad between shoulders
-Hypertension
-Osteoporosis

Question 20

What is the best for seeing tumours causing cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 20

-Tumour seen best w/ MRI

Question 21

What modality is best for seeing enlargement of adrenal glands?

Answer 21

CT, MRI, or US

Question 22

How do the adrenal glands appear with cushing’s syndrome in axial slices?

Answer 22

Y-shaped in axial slices

Question 23

What are the treatments for Cushing’s syndrome?

Answer 23

Depends on cause
-Surgery or radiation for tumours
-Possible adrenalectomy

Question 24

What is Hyperthyroidism?

Answer 24

Excessive thyroid hormone production

Question 25

What pathologies cause excessive thyroid hormone production

Answer 25

1.Graves disease 2.Toxic adenomas 3.Painless thyroiditis

Question 26

What is Graves Disease?

Answer 26

Autoimmune-antibodies attack it but then the thyroid takes it and makes more thyroid hormone-seen with hyperthyroidism

Question 27

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 27

-Nervousness, inability to sleep, tremors, tachycardia -Palpitations, excessive sweating, -Heat intolerance, weight loss, exophthalmos -May be asymptomatic

Question 28

What is exophthalmos?

Answer 28

Creates edema behind the eyes

Question 29

How does grave’s disease appear in Nuclear medicine?

Answer 29

Enlarged, hyperactive thyroid gland

Question 30

What type of contrast is given for grave’s disease in nuclear imaging?

Answer 30

Give them radioactive iodine

Question 31

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 31

Failure of thyroid to produce sufficient thyroid hormone

Question 32

What are the Causes of hypothyroidism?

Answer 32

-Primary gland failure -Insufficient gland stimulation -Infantile hypothyroidism (cretinism)-children

Question 33

# T/F Infantile hypothyroidism (cretinism) causes developmental issues

Answer 33

True

Question 34

# T/F In adult hypothyroidism treatment for hyperthyroidism can cause hypothyroidism sometimes

Answer 34

True

Question 35

How does hypothyroidism appear radiographically in children?

Answer 35

-Delayed bone growth in children (primarily skull)

Question 36

How does hypothyroidism appear radiographically in both children and adults?

Answer 36

-Possible pericardial effusion, adynamic ileus in adults

Question 37

How does hypothyroidism appear in Ultrasound for both children and adults?

Answer 37

-Abnormal size or blood flow