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Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 3 pathologies of the male reproductive system?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)
Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland
Testicular Tumours

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2
Q

What pathology is this describing?

Causes bilateral hydroureter (J shaped ureter), hydronephrosis, and cystitis

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)

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3
Q

What modalities are used to image Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

CT or US

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4
Q

What sign is seen with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) in ultrasound?

A

US: Efiel tower sign

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5
Q

What is done to diagnose Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH)?

A

Transrectal biopsy using ultrasound

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6
Q

What is Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) caused by?

A

Caused by hormonal changes

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7
Q

What population is Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland most common in?

A

Most common in men 50+

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8
Q

What three tests are done to diagnose Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland?

A

-Rectal test
-PSA blood test
-Biopsy to say for sure

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9
Q

What does a rectal test show with Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland?

A

-Hard, nodular, irregular mass (rectal test)

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10
Q

What does a PSA test show with Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland?

A

-PSA test (blood test)-Not specific, just indicates that something is wrong

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11
Q

T/F

Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland may be slow growing or very aggressive (takes time to develop or fast)

A

True

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12
Q

Where does Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland metastasize to?

A

Metastasizes to:
-Rectum, bladder
-Bone (osteoblastic)

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13
Q

What is the most common cancers for males?

A

Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland

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14
Q

How does Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland appear radiographically?

A

-Irregular impression of bladder floor
-May produce obstruction of upper urinary tract because it is putting pressure on the bladder
-Ivory vertebra
-Osteoblastic lesions

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15
Q

T/F

Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland causes an Increased risk of bladder infection

A

True

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16
Q

What Bones does Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland spread to and how is it spread?

A

-Pelvis, femurs, ribs, thoracolumbar spine
-(hematogenous spread)

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17
Q

What age is Testicular Tumours most commonly seen in?

A

-Typically occurs in younger men (20-35)

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18
Q

T/F

Testicular Tumours are almost always benign.

A

False;Almost always malignant

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19
Q

T/F

Testicular Tumours often presents as a painless lump

A

True

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20
Q

What are the two types of Testicular Tumours?

A

Seminoma or nonseminoma (50/50)

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21
Q

What are the 3 Treatments for Testicular Tumours?

A

-Orchiectomy
-Radiation
-Chemotherapy

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22
Q

What is the best modality to image Testicular Tumours?

A

Ultrasound is best imaging modality

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23
Q

How do testes appear normally in ultrasound?

A

Normal = homogenous medium-level echogenicity

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24
Q

How do Seminoma Testicular Tumours appear in ultrasound?

A

Seminoma – uniform hypoechoic w/o calcification

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25
How do Teratoma Testicular Tumours appear in ultrasound?
inhomogenous, cystic and solid areas of calcification/cartilage
26
How do Seminomas Testicular Tumours appear in MRI?
homogenous and enhance w/ contrast
27
How do non Seminomas Testicular Tumours appear in MRI?
Non-seminomas – more heterogenous
28
When is MRI done to image testicular Tumours?
Done when ultrasound cannot differentiate
29
What are the pathologies of the female reproductive system?
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Cysts and Tumours Uterine Fibroids Breast Lesions Ectopic Pregnancy
30
What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Inflammation of uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries
31
What is the Peak incidence of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
between 20-24
32
What are the Common causes of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
-Venereal disease (STI) -Multiple sexual partners -Unsterile abortion or delivery -Complication of IUD
33
What are the Pelvic Inflammatory Disease Complications?
-Infection (pus) may spill into peritoneum -Pelvic abscess -Peritonitis (inflammation of peritoneum)
34
What can Scarring and adhesions within fallopian tubes from Pelvic Inflammatory Disease cause?
May cause obstruction, infertility and ectopic pregnancy (implants into the walls of the fallopian tube)
35
What is a Pyosalpinx
large collection of pus in the fallopian tube seen with Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
36
What is the modality of choice for Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
US is the imaging procedure of choice for detecting PID and pelvic abscesses
37
What are Ovarian Cysts?
-Typically enlarged, unruptured follicles
38
What syndrome is seen with ovarian cysts?
-Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
39
What modailites are used for cysts and tumours?
US and MRI
40
What is the primary tumour seen with the female reproductive system?
Primary cystadenocarcinoma
41
How does Primary cystadenocarcinoma appear radiographically?
-Psammomatous calcifications -Large cystic mass with septations
42
What is a Germ Cell Tumour?
-A Dermoid Cyst which Contains teeth, hair, skin, fatty elements
43
Is a germ cell tumour of clinical concern?
No clinical concern unless it compresses something
44
What are Uterine Fibroids? What is another name for it?
-Very common, benign, smooth-muscle tumour -Also called Leiomyoma
45
What is the growth of Uterine Fibroids stimulated by?
Growth stimulated by estrogen (Start growing during puberty and decrease after menopause)
46
# T/F Uterine Fibroids often multiple and vary greatly in size (not just between the different masses, but also over time)
True
47
What are the symptoms of Uterine Fibroids?
May be asymptomatic or may cause excessive menstrual bleeding/abnormal bleeding between periods
48
How do Uterine Fibroids appear radiographically?
Smooth or lobulated nodule w/ stipple or whorled appearance Lesions can calcify (popcorn)
49
What are the types of Breast Lesions?
Benign and malignant lesions
50
What are the two types of Benign Breast Lesions?
-Fibrocystic Disease -Fibroadenoma
51
What are the two types of Malignant breast lesions
-Adenocarcinoma -Carcinoma in situ
52
Where are malignant breast lesions usually located?
-Most often upper lateral quadrant
53
# T/F Most malignant breast lesions are infiltrating duct carcinomas
True
54
What modalities are used to image Breast Lesions?
Mammography, US, and MRI
55
What is the modailty of choice for imaging Breast Lesions
US
56
What percentage of women are affected by Fibrocystic Disease
50%
57
How does the breast tissue feel with Fibrocystic Disease?
-Tissue feels lumpy or rope-like -Especially in upper, outer areas of breast
58
What is the key sign that indicates that a lesion is benign?
If it is mobile
59
# TF With Fibrocystic Disease, Lumps fluctuate is size depending on menstrual cycle
True
60
# TF Fibrocystic Disease is unilateral.
False; Typically affects both breasts
61
How does Fibroadenoma appear radiographically?
-Smooth, well-circumscribed mass with no invasion of surrounding tissue. Solid mass with no cysts.
62
# TF Typically Fibroadenoma is unilateral and mobile
True
63
What is the most common cause of new cancers among women in Canada
Malignant Breast Lesions
64
# TF Malignant breast lesions usually arises from more glandular tissue
True
65
Where does breast cancer- Adenocarcinoma most often occur?
In upper, outer quadrant
66
What are the Risk Factors for Breast cancer-Adenocarcinoma?
-Family history of breast or ovarian cancer -BRCA 1, BRCA 2 gene mutation -Radiation exposure/therapy to the chest, neck, axilla region -Nulliparous or first child after 30 -Early onset menstruation -Late menopause
67
What are the 5 symptoms of Breast Cancer (Adenocarcinoma)
1. Painless lump, rope-like area within breast tissue or axillary region 2. Changes in the size or shape of the breast (distorted contour) 3. Changes to the skin: dimpling, puckering, redness or flaking 4. Changes to the nipple: redness, crusting or sudden nipple inversion 5. Discharge from the nipple
68
What are the 5 radigoraphic signs of Breast Cancer (Adenocarcinoma)
1. Poorly defined edges with areas of distortion 2. Numerous fine linear strands or spicules radiating out from the mass 3. Irregular margins 4. Fixed, not mobile 5. Cluster calcifications
69
What is the purpose of BI-RADS?
-Assigns a number based off of how suspicious something looks
70
What does BI-RADS stand for?
Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System
71
How many levels of BI-RADS are there
6
72
What does a level of BI-RADS 0 indicate?
Incomplete (further imaging required)
73
What does a level of BI-RADS 1indicate?
Negative (not finding anything)
74
What does a level of BI-RADS 2 indicate?
Benign findings (Fibroadenoma etc.)
75
What does a level of BI-RADS 3 indicate?
Probably benign (suggest a follow-up in a short period of time)
76
What does a level of BI-RADS 4 indicate?
Suspicious abnormality (should consider a biopsy)
77
What does a level of BI-RADS 5 indicate?
Highly suggestive of malignancy (do a biopsy)
78
What does a level of BI-RADS 6 indicate?
Known biopsy-proven malignancy
79
Where does Carcinoma in situ originate?
-Carcinoma originates in the ducts or lobules of the breast -Contained within these milk ducts
80
What is Carcinoma in situ?
A “pre-cancerous” = non-invasive, still a malignancy
81
# TF Carcinoma in situ is Typically asymptomatic, but found on screening mammograms
True
82
# TF Carcinoma in situ does not require treatment
False; Carcinoma in situ still requires treatment
83
What are the treatments for malignant breast lesions?
1. Lumpectomy +/- Radiation Therapy/Chemotherapy +/- Hormone Therapy 2. Mastectomy
84
What is an Ectopic Pregnancy
-Embryo attached outside the uterus
85
Where do Ectopic Pregnancy usually occur?
->95% Fallopian tube (tubal pregnancy) -Cervix, ovaries, or within abdominal cavity
86
What are the Risk factors for an Ectopic Pregnancy
-Pelvic Inflammatory Disease -In vitro fertilization (IVF)
87
What is the modality of choice for Ectopic Pregnancy?
US is modality of choice
88
How does an Ectopic Pregnancy appear in US?
-Enlarged uterus w/o gestational sac (body is preparing) -Adnexal mass; next to the uterus
89
What are the Causes of Infertility?
1.Abnormal anatomy of uterus (uterine fibroids) 2.Ovaries unable to produce mature ova 3.Obstructed fallopian tubes
90
How do you confirm Infertility?
Hysterosalpingogram (salp) (Confirms patency of the fallopian tubes)
91
What is seen with a Hysterosalpingogram when the person is infertile?
-Demonstrates fibroids, retroversion or other abnormalities with uterus

Pathology (15 decks)

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