Hematopoietic System

Question 1

What is anemia?

Answer 1

Decrease in amount of hemoglobin in blood

Question 2

What are the symptoms of anemia?

Answer 2

-Pallor (noticeably pale)
-Weakness
-Dyspnea
-Increased heart rate

Question 3

What is dyspnea?

Answer 3

Short of breath-Not enough oxygen carried throughout the body

Question 4

What are the types of anemia?

Answer 4

1.Microcytic
2.Hemolytic
3.Megaloblastic

Question 5

What is microcytic anemia caused by?

Answer 5

Small blood cells or iron deficiency

Question 6

What is the most common type of anemia?

Answer 6

microcytic

Question 7

What is one non radiographic sign of microcytic anemia?

Answer 7

-Chronic slow bleeds

Question 8

What is the cause of Hemolytic anemia?

Answer 8

Hereditary defect produces abnormal cells

Question 9

What is one physical sign of hemolytic anemia?

Answer 9

Jaundice-because there is more bilirubin in their body

Question 10

What is Megaloblastic anemia the result of?

Answer 10

Deficiency of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency

Question 11

What are the radiographic appearances of Hemolytic anemia?

Answer 11

1.Generalized osteoporosis-Decreased density, more radiolucent, picture frame appearance
2.Coarse Pattern
3.Widening of medullary spaces in the Long Bones (marrow hyperplasia) and thinning of the cortices
4.Bulging shafts-Not seeing nice concavity
5.“Hair-on-end” appearance in skull
6.Paravertebral hematopoietic tissue

Question 12

What is Paravertebral hematopoietic tissue?

Answer 12

Making more tissue that will make blood (body trying to compensate-random tissue)

Question 13

What are the radiographic signs of Megaloblastic anemia?

Answer 13

Gastric atrophy (tubular stomach with less rugae)

Question 14

What is leukemia?

Answer 14

Neoplastic proliferation of white blood cells and a decrease in number of red blood cells and platelets

Question 15

What are the two sections of leukemia?

Answer 15

Acute vs chronic

Question 16

What are the two types of leukemia?

Answer 16

1.Myelocytic Leukemia (or Myelogenous Leukemia)
2.Lymphatic Leukemia

Question 17

What is Myelocytic Leukemia (or Myelogenous Leukemia)?

Answer 17

-Cancer of the bone marrow

Question 18

Does the acute type of Myelocytic Leukemia occur more in adults or children?

Answer 18

Adults

Question 19

T/F

Myelocytic Leukemia causes a huge increase in the number of granulocytes

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is Lymphatic Leukemia?

Answer 20

-Cancer of the lymph nodes

Question 21

T/F

Lymphatic Leukemia causes a huge increase in number of lymphocytes

Answer 21

True

Question 22

Is acute Lymphatic Leukemia more common in adults or children?

Answer 22

Acute type more common in children

Question 23

What are the symptoms of leukemia?

Answer 23

-Weakness, SOB
-Bleeding tendency-Less platelets
-Highly susceptible to infections-Less mature white blood cells

Question 24

What is the first radiographic sign of leukemia?

Answer 24

Radiolucent transverse bands at the ends of knees, ankles, wrists

Question 25

What are the radiographic appearances of leukemia?

Answer 25

1.Subperiosteal new bone formation 2.Osteolytic lesion involving medullary cavity and cortex 3.Enlargement of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes on chest images

Question 26

What is a radiographic sign of chronic leukemia?

Answer 26

Hepatosplenomegaly (Infiltration of the white blood cells going to the liver and spleen which becomes large)

Question 27

How does GI tract infiltration from leukemia appear radiographically?

Answer 27

-Filling defects -Cancer-like appearance

Question 28

How does Renal infiltration appear radiographically with leukemia?

Answer 28

-Bilateral kidney enlargement

Question 29

What is lymphoma?

Answer 29

Neoplasms of the lymphoreticular system

Question 30

Where in the body does lymphoma affect

Answer 30

Lymph nodes, spleen, and lymphoid tissues of GI tract, lung and skin

Question 31

What are the two types of lymphoma?

Answer 31

Hodgkins and non hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 32

What percentage of hodgkin's lymphoma occurs in the lymph nodes

Answer 32

90% occur in lymph nodes

Question 33

What cells indicate hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer 33

Reed–Sternberg cells (large cells)

Question 34

What type of lymphoma has a better prognosis?

Answer 34

Hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 35

What is the more common type of lymphoma

Answer 35

Non hodgkin's lymphoma

Question 36

What organs are often involved with Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?

Answer 36

Parenchymal organs more often involved

Question 37

What is required to differentiate between hodgkins and non hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 37

CT biopsy for diagnosis and staging

Question 38

What are the signs and symptoms of lymphoma?

Answer 38

-Mediastinal lymph node enlargement -Anterior mediastinal node involvement is common -Unintended weight loss -Pruritus -Fatigue -Night sweats -Painless lymph node enlargement

Question 39

What is Pruritus?

Answer 39

Intense itching of the skin

Question 40

What can Enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy) cause?

Answer 40

Can cause renal enlargement and distortion of calyces

Question 41

What does lymphoma appear as in the Lungs?

Answer 41

-Coarse interstitial pattern (like interstitial pneumonia) , pleural effusion

Question 42

# T/F 1/3 of patients that have lymphoma have PE

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What percentage of patients with lymphoma have GI tract infiltration?

Answer 43

5-10% of pts

Question 44

How does lymphoma in the stomach appear?

Answer 44

-Stomach: mass, may look like ulcer or carcinoma

Question 45

How does lymphoma in the small bowel appear?

Answer 45

-Small bowel: thickening of mucosal fold, filling defects, ulcerations

Question 46

What percentage of patients with lymphoma have skeletel infiltration?

Answer 46

15% of patients

Question 47

How does lymphoma in the Skeletal system appear?

Answer 47

-Bony erosion, and mix of bony destruction and sclerosis -Dense vertebral sclerosis (Ivory vertebra)

Question 48

How does lymphoma appear as in nuclear medicine?

Answer 48

Hot spots in PET scans-Can be very wide spread

Question 49

What precautions must radiographers take with Leukemia and Lymphoma patients?

Answer 49

-Reverse isolation -May present with bony deficiencies, so take precaution to be careful moving patients