Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
second controlling system of the body
A
endocrine system
2
Q
nervous system is the _ system
A
fast-control
3
Q
uses chemical messengers (hormones) that are released into the blood
A
endocrine system
4
Q
hormones of the endocrine system control which 5 processes?
A
reproduction, growth & development, mobilization of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism
5
Q
_ are produced by specialized cells
A
hormones
6
Q
cells secrete hormones into _
A
extracellular fluids
7
Q
blood transfers hormones to _
A
target sites
8
Q
these hormones regulate _
A
the activity of other cells
9
Q
3 major classifications of hormones
A
amino-acid based, steroids, prostaglandins
10
Q
includes proteins, peptides, amines
A
amino acid-based
11
Q
made from cholesterol
A
steroids
12
Q
made from highly active lipid
A
prostaglandins
13
Q
_ affect only certain tissues or organs ( target cells or target organs)
A
hormones
14
Q
_ must have specific protein receptors
A
target cells
15
Q
hormone-binding alters _
A
cellular activity
16
Q
effects caused by hormones: changes in plasma membrane _ or _ state
A
permeability or electrical state
17
Q
allows things to pass into cells, and permeate through the plasma membrane
A
hormones
18
Q
effects caused by hormones: synthesis of _, such as enzymes
A
proteins
19
Q
effects caused by hormones: activation or inactivation of _
A
enzymes
20
Q
effects caused by hormones: stimulation of _
A
mitosis
21
Q
a type of cell reproduction
A
mitosis
22
Q
effects caused by hormones: promotion of _ activity
A
secretory
23
Q
the 2 mechanisms in which hormones act
A
direct gene activation and second-messenger system
24
Q
_ aka steroid hormone action
A
direct gene activation
25
_ aka nonsteroid hormone action
second-messenger system
26
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones can go through the cell membrane?
direct gene activation
27
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones enter the nucleus
direct gene activation
28
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to a specific protein within the nucleus
direct gene activation
29
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to specific sites on the cell's dna
direct gene activation
30
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones activate genes that result in synthesis of new proteins
direct gene activation
31
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones bind to a membrane receptor
second-messenger system
32
which of the 2 mechanisms in which hormones do not enter the cell (doesn't permeate through the membrane
second-messenger system
33
which of the 2 hormone mechanisms sets off a series of reactions that activates an enzyme
second-messenger system
34
which of the 2 hormone mechanisms catalyzes a reaction that produces a _ molecule, such as cAMP
second-messenger system, and a second-messenger molecule
35
which of the 2 hormone mechanisms oversee additional intracellular changes to promote specific response
second-messenger system
36
hormone levels in the blood are mostly maintained by _
negative feedback
37
a _ or _ hormone levels in the blood triggers the release of more hormones
a stimulus, or low hormone levels
38
_ release stops once an appropriate level in the blood is reached
hormone
39
most common stimuli
hormonal stimuli
40
Anterior pituitary hormones travel to target glands, like the thyroid gland, to prompt the release of a particular hormone, like the thyroid hormone:: This is an example of _
hormonal stimuli of endocrine glands
41
changing blood levels of certain _ stimulate hormone release
ions
42
'Humoral' indicates various _ such as _ & bile
body fluids, such as blood & bile
43
parathyroid hormone & calcitonin are produced in response to changing levels of blood calcium levels
humoral stimuli of endocrine glands
44
insulin is produced in response to changing levels of blood glucose levels
humoral stimuli of endocrine glands
45
nerve impulses stimulate _
hormone release
46
neural stimuli of endocrine glands: most are under control of the _
sympathetic nervous system
47
the release of norepinephrine & epinephrine by the adrenal medulla is an example of:
neural stimuli of endocrine glands
48
name the 9 major endocrine organs:
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, pineal, thymus, pancreas, gonads (ovaries/testes), hypothalmus
49
size of a pea
pituitary gland
50
hangs by a stalk from the hypothalamus in the brain
pituitary gland
51
name the 2 functional lobes of the pituitary gland
anterior pituitary &
| posterior pituitary
52
name the type of tissues for the anterior & posterior pituitary
anterior pituitary- glandular tissue
| posterior pituitary- nervous tissue
53
often called the "master endocrine gland"
pituitary gland
54
how many anterior pituitary hormones are there?
6
55
name the 2 hormones of the anterior pituitary that affect non-endocrine targets
growth hormone, & prolactin
56
name the 4 hormones of the anterior pituitary that stimulate other endocrine glands (tropic hormones)
thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropic hormone), adrenocorticotropic hormone, 2 gonadotropic hormones
57
name the 3 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones
proteins (peptides), act through second messenger systems, regulated by hormonal stimuli-mostly negative feedback
58
general metabolic hormone
growth hormone
59
growth hormone: major effects are directed to _
growth of skeletal muscles & long bones
60
plays a role in determining final body size
growth hormone
61
growth hormone: causes amino acids to be built into _
proteins
62
causes fats to be broken down into a source of energy
growth hormone
63
stimulates & maintains milk production following childbirth
Rolactin (PRL)
64
describe the function of Rolactin in males
it is unknown
65
regulates endocrine activity of the adrenal cortex
adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
66
influences growth & activity of the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
67
regulate hormonal activity of the gonads
gonadotropic hormones
68
stimulates follicle development in ovaries
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
69
stimulates sperm development in testes
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
70
triggers ovulation of an egg
luteinizing hormone (LH)
71
stimulates testosterone production in males
luteinizing hormone (LH)
72
hormonal release is regulated by releasing & inhibiting hormones produced by the _
hypothalamus
73
name the hormones that the hypothalamus produces
oxycontin, & antidiuretic hormone
74
hormones of the hypothalamus are transported to _ cells of the _ pituitary
neurosecretory cells, of the posterior pituitary
75
_ is not strictly an endocrine gland, but does release hormones.
posterior pituitary
76
stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor, sexual relations, love, & breastfeeding.
oxycontin
77
causes milk ejection in a nursing woman
oxycontin
78
inhibits urine production by promoting water reabsorption by the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
79
antidiuretic hormone (ADH): in large amounts, causes _ leading to _
vasoconstriction, leading to increased blood pressure
80
AKA vasopressin
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
81
a gland found at the base of the throat
thyroid gland
82
consists of 2 lobes & connecting isthmus
thyroid gland
83
produces the hormone calcitonin
thyroid gland
84
produces the thyroid hormone
thyroid gland
85
major metabolic hormone
thyroid hormone
86
composed of 2 active iodine-containing hormones
thyroid hormone
87
thyroxine (T4)- secreted by _
thyroid follicles
88
triiodothyronine (T3)- conversion of _ at target tissues
T4
89
name the 2 active iodine-containing hormones
thyroxine & triiodothyronine
90
goiter is a hormone disorder that comes from which gland?
thyroid
91
Goiter: thyroid gland enlarges due to lack of _
iodine
92
_ salt prevents goiters
iodized
93
caused by hyposecretion of thyroxine
cretinism
94
results in dwarfism during childhood
cretinism
95
caused by hypothyroidism in adults
myxedema
96
result is physical/mental sluggishness
myxedema
97
caused by hypothyroidism
graves' disease
98
results in increased metabolism, heat intolerance, rapid heartbeat, weight loss, & exopthalmos
graves' disease
99
where is calcitonin found?
thyroid gland
100
desceases blood calcium levels by causing its deposition on bone
calcitonin
101
antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
102
thyroid gland is exact opposite to _
parathyroid
103
tiny masses on the posterior of the thyroid
parathyroid glands
104
where are parathyroid glands found?
posterior of the thyroid
105
secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
parathyroid glands
106
stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone
parathyroid hormone
107
stimulate the kidneys/intestine to absorb more calcium
parathyroid hormone
108
raises calcium levels in the bone
parathyroid hormone
109
lowers calcium levels
calcitonin
110
sit on top of the kidneys
adrenal gland
111
name the 2 regions of the adrenal glands
adrenal medulla & cortex
112
name the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex and their order
mineralcorticoids (outermost layer), glucocorticoids (middle), sex hormones (innermost)
113
inner neural tissue region
adrenal medulla
114
name the 2 functions of mineralcorticosteroids
regulate mineral content in blood, regulate water & electrolyte balance
115
target organ is the kidney
mineralcorticosteroids
116
produced in the middle layer of the adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids
117
promote normal cell metabolism
glucocorticoids
118
help resist long-term stressors
glucocorticoids
119
released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH
glucocorticoids
120
produced in the inner layer of the adrenal cortex
sex hormones
121
mostly androgens are made but some estrogens are also formed throughout life
sex hormones, (androgens=male sex hormones)
122
addisons disease is a disorder that comes from where?
adrenal cortex
123
results from hyposecretion of all adrenal cortex hormones
addisons disease
124
bronze skin tone, weak muscles, easy infection
addisons disease
125
may result from an ACTH-releasing tumor
hyperaldosteronism
126
excess water & sodium are retained leading to high BP & edema
hyperaldosteronism
127
cushings syndrome comes from where?
adrenal cortex
128
results from a tumor in the middle cortical area of the adrenal cortex
cushings syndrome
129
"moon face," "buffalo hump," high bp, hyperglycemia, weakening bones, depression: effects of what?
cushings syndrome
130
results from hypersecretion of sex hormones
masculinization
131
name the 2 hormones of the adrenal medulla
epinephrine & norepinephrine
132
epinephrine aka...
adrenaline
133
norepinephrine aka...
noradrenaline
134
these hormones prepare the body for short-term stress - fight or flight
epinephrine & norepinephrine
135
increasing heart rate, bp, blood glucose levels, dilating small passageways of lungs: comes from which hormones?
epinephrine & norepinephrine
136
epinephrine & norepinephrine come from where?
adrenal medulla
137
masculinization comes from where?
adrenal cortex
