Endocrine System Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
the _ and nervous systems function to achieve and maintain homeostasis.
A
Endocrine
2
Q
when the two systems work together, referred to as the _ system, they preform the same general functions; communication, integration, and control.
A
Neuroendocrine
3
Q
in the endocrine system, secreting cells send hormone molecules via the _ to specific target cells contained in target tissues.
A
Blood
4
Q
Hormones are carried to almost every point in the body; can regulate most cells; effects work more _ and last lo ger than those of neurotransmitters.
A
Slowly
5
Q
Endocrine glands are “ductless glands”; many are made of glandular epithelium whose cells manufacture and secrete hormones; a few endocrine glands are made of _ tissue.
A
Neurosecretory
6
Q
_ of the endocrine system are widely scattered throughout the body.
A
Glands
7
Q
_ hormones are hormones that target other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion.
A
Tropic
8
Q
_ hormones are hormones that target reproductive cells.
A
Sex
9
Q
_ hormones are hormones that stimulate anabolism in target cells.
A
Anabolic
10
Q
There are two hormones that are classified by _ structure; _ and _ hormones.
A
Chemical; steroid and nonsteroid
11
Q
Steroid hormones are synthesized from _.
A
Cholesterol
12
Q
_ and can easily pass through the phospholipid plasma membrane of target cells.
A
Lipid-soluble
13
Q
examples of steroid hormones: _, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone.
A
Cortisol
14
Q
Non-steroid hormones are synthesized primarily from _.
A
Amino acids
15
Q
_ are long, folded chains of amino acids; examples are insulin and parathyroid hormone.
A
Protein hormones
16
Q
_ hormones are protein hormones with carbohydrate groups attached to the amino acid chain.
A
Glycoproteins
17
Q
_ hormones are smaller than protein hormones; short chain of amino acids; examples are oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.
A
Peptide
18
Q
_ hormones are derived from a single amino acid molecule.
A
Amino acid derivative
19
Q
_ hormones are derived from a single amino acid molecule.
A
amino acid derivative
20
Q
_ hormones are synthesized by modefying a single molecule of _; produced by neurosecretory cells and by neurons; examples are epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
amine; tyrosine
21
Q
amino acid derivatives produced by the thyroid gland are synthesized by adding _ to tyrosine.
A
Iodine
22
Q
hormones signal a cell by binding to the target cell’s specific receptors in a _ mechanism.
A
Lock and key
23
Q
different hormone-receptor interactions produce different _ changes within the target cell through chemical reactions.
A
Regulatory
24
Q
_- combinations of hormones acting together have a greater effect on a target cell than the sum of the effects that each would have if acting alone
A
Synergism
25
_- when a small amount of one hormone allows a second one to have its full effects on a target cell.
Permissiveness
26
_- one hormone produces the opposite effects of another hormone; used to _ the activity of target cells with great accuracy.
Antagonism; "fine tune"
27
Endocrine glands produce _ hormone molecule than actually are needed; the unused hormones are quickly _ by the kidneys or broken down by metabolic processes.
More; excreted
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Steroid hormones are lipid-soluble, and their receptors are normally found in the target cell's _.
Cytosol
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Once a steroid hormone molecule has diffused into the target cell. it binds to a receptor molecule to form a _.
Hormone receptor complex
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Utilizes the _ hypothesis.
Mobile receptor
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Steroid hormones regulate cells by regulating production of certain critical _.
Proteins
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The amount of steroid hormone present determines the _ of a target cells response.
Magnitude
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Since _ and protein synthesis take time, responses to steroid hormones are often slow.
Transcription
34
the _ mechanism is AKA the fixed-membrane-receptor hypothesis.
Second messenger
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a nonsteroid hormone molecule acts as a "first messenger" and delivers its chemical message to _ receptors in the target cell's plasma membrane.
Fixed
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the "message" is then passed by way of a _ into the cell where a "second messenger" triggers the appropriate cellular changes.
Protein
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the effects of the hormone are _ by the cascade of reactions.
amplified
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the effects of the hormone are _ by the cascade of reactions.
amplified
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there are a variety of second messenger mechanisms; examples are _, cAMP, _, calcium-calmodulin mechanisms
IP3; GMP
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the second messenger mechanism opperates much more _ than the steroid mechanism.
Quickly
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the _ mechanism.
Nuclear receptor
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control of hormonal secretion is usually part of a _ feedback loop and is called endocrine reflexes.
Negative
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simplest mechanism is when an endocrine gland is sensitive to the physiological changes produced by its _ cells.
Target
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endocrine gland secretion may also be regulated by a hormone produced by another _.
Gland
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Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems.
Nervous
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Endocrine gland secretions may be influenced by _ system input; this fact emphasizes the close functional relationship between the two systems.
Nervous
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a _ is a unique group of lipid molecules that serves important and widespread _ functions in the body but do not meet the usual definition of a hormone.
Prostaglandin; integrative
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called tissue hormones, since the secretion is produced in a tissue and diffuses only a _ distance to other cells within the same tissue; PG's tend to integrate activities of neighboring cells.
Short
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many structural _ of prostaglandins have been isolated and identified.
Classes
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_ has its effect on the body by supressing a type of prostaglandin.
Aspirin
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the pituitary gland is AKA the _ gland and called the "master gland"
Hypophysis
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the pituitary gland is about an _ across.
Inch
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the pituitary gland is located on the _ surface of the brain.
Ventral.
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_ is a stemlike stalk that connect pituitary to the hypothalamus
Infindibulum
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made up of two separate glands, the _ (anterior pituitary gland) and the neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary gland)
Adenohypophysis
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adenohypophysis (_ pituitary)
anterior
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two parts of the adenohypophysis: _ forms the major portion of the A and the Pars _.
Pars anterior; intermedia
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tissue is composd of irregular clumps of secretory cells supported by fine CT fibers and surrounded by a rich _ network.
Vascular
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five functional type of _ exist.
Secretory cells
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1. _- secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone and melanocyte-stimulating hormone.
Somatrophs
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2. _- secrete growth hormone.
Corticotrophs
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3. _- secrete thyroid stimulating hormone.
Thyrotrophs
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4. _- secrete prolactin
Lactrotrophs
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5. _- secrete LH and FSH
Gonadotrophs
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_ (GH) AKA _ STH.
Growth hormone; somatotropin
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promotes growth of bone, muscle, and other tissues by accelerating _ into the cells.
Amino acid transport
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GH tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased _ levels.
Blood glucose
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GH tends to shift cell chemistry away from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source; this leads to increased _ levels.
Blood glucose
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GH functions as an _ and is vital to maintaining homeostasis of blood glucose levels.
Insulin antagonist
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_ (PRL)
Prolactin
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during pregnancy, PRL promotes development of the breasts, anticipating _ secretion.
Milk
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after the baby is born, PRL stimulates the mother's _ glands to produce milk.
Mammary
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_ hormones are hormones that have a stimulating effect on other endocrine glands.
Tropic
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_ hormone promotes and maintains the growth and development of the thyroid, also causes the thyroid to secrete its hormones.
Thyroid stimulating
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_ hormone promotes and maintains normal growth and development of the cortex of the adrenal gland; also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete some of its hormones.
adrenocorticotropic
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_ hormone in the female stimulates primary graafian follicles to grow toward maturity; in male it stimulates the development of the seminiferous tubules of the testes and maintains spermatogenesis
Follicle stimulating
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_ hormone in the female stimulates the formation and activity of the corpus luteum of the ovary; corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogens when stimulated by LH; in the male it stimulates interstitial cells in the testes to develop and secrete testosterone; FSH and LH are called _ because they stimulate the growth and maitenance of the gonads.
Luteinizing; gonadotrophin
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_ stimulating hormone modulates the pigmentation of normal skin.
Melanocyte
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_ secretes releasing hormones into the blood, which are then carried to the hypophseal portal system.
Hypothalamus
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_ carries blood from the hypothalamus directly to the adenohyphphysis where the target cells of the releasing hormones are located,
Hypophyseal portal system
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_ (posterior pituitary) serves as storage and release site for antidiuretic hormone and _, which are synthesizes in the hypothalamus.
Neurobypophysis
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Release of ADH and OT into the blood is controlled by nervous _.
stimulation
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_ hormone (ADH) prevents the formation of a large volume of urine, thereby helping the body _ water.
Antidiuretic
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ADH causes kidney tubules to _ water from the urine it has formed.
Conserve
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Oxytocin (OT) causes milk ejection from the lactating breast; regulated by _ freed back mechanism; PRL coop rates with oxytocin
Positive
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OT stimulates contraction of _ muscles that occurs during childbirth; regulated by positive feedback mechanism
Uterine
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OT has been linked to _.
Orgasm
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The _ gland is a member of the nervous system since is receives _ stimuli and also a member of the endocrine system since it _ hormones.
Pineal; visual; secretes
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Pineal gland supports the body's _.
Biological clock
90
Principal pineal secretion is _.
Melatonin
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The thyroid gland is made of up two large lateral _ and a narrow connecting _.
Lobes; isthmus
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the thyroid gland is composed of _.
Follicles
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there is a small hollow of _.
Spheres
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the thyroid is filled with thyroid colloid that contains _.
thyroglobulus.
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tetraiodothyronine (T4) or _ contains four iodine atons; approximatley 20 times more abundant T3; major importance is as precursor to T3.
thyroxine.
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_ (T3) contains three iodine atoms; considered to be the principal thyroid hormone; T3 binds efficiently to nuclear receptors in target cells.
triiodothyronine
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T3 and T4 are attached to _ molecules, forming thyroglobin complexes.
globulin
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on release, T3 and T4 detach from globulin and enter the _.
blood stream.
99
once in the blood, T3 and T4 attach to _ and travel as a hormone-globulin complex.
plasma globulins.
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thyroid hormone helps regulate the _ of all cells and cell growth and tissue differentiation.
metabolicrate
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_ is produced by thyroid gland in the _ cells.
calcitonin; parafolicular
102
influences the processing of calcium by bone cells by _ blood calcium levels and promoting conservation of hard bone matrix.
decreasing
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Parathyroid glands are _ in the posterior surface of the thyroid and form compact, irregular rows.
embedded
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is an _ to calcitonin and acts to maintain calcium homeostasis.
antagonist.
105
PTH acts on bone, _, and _ cells.
Kidney; intestinal
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causes more bone to be _, releasing calcium into the bloodstream.
dissolved
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causes increased intestinal absorption of calcium by activating _.
vitamin D.
108
the adrenal glands are located on top of the _, fitting like caps.
kidneys.
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the adrenal glands are located on top of the _, fitting like caps.
kidneys.
110
the adrenal glands are made up of two portions, the adrenal cortex, which is composed of _ tissue, and the adrenal medulla, composed of _ tissue.
endocrine; neurosecretory
111
adrenal cortex- all cortical hormones are steroids and known as _.
corticosteroids.
112
there are _ levels of secreting cells.
three
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the first layer of secreting cells is the _- it is the outermost layer, secretes mineralocorticoids.
zona glomerulosa
114
the second layer of secreting cells is the _- middle layer, secretes glucocorticoids.
zona faciculate
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the third layer of secreting cells is the _- inner layer, primarily secretes gonadocorticoids.
zona reticularis
116
_ have an important role in the regulatory process of sodium in the body.
mineralocorticoids
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_ is only physiologically important mineralcorticoid in the human; primary functionis maintenance of sodium homeostasis in the blood by increasing sodium reabsorpstion in the _.
Aldosterone; kidneys.
118
aldosterone secretion is controlled by the _ mechanism.
rennin-angiotensin.
119
main glucocotricoids are cortisol, _ and corticosterone .
cortisone
120
glucocorticoids affect _ cell in the body.
every
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are protein mobilizing _ and hyperglycemic.
gluconeogenic.
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tend to cause a shift from carbohydrate catabolism to _ catabolism as an energy source.
lipid
123
high blood concentration causes marked _ of lymphatic tissues and chronic levels can _ immune system.
atrophy; supress
124
act with _ to bring about normal recovery from injury produced by inflammatory agents.
epinephrine
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secretion increases in response to _.
stress
126
_- sex hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex.
gonadocorticoids.
127
neurosecretory tissue- tissue composed of _ specialized to secrete their products into the blood.
neurons
128
adrenal medulla secretes two important hormones; epinephrine and _; they are part of the coclass of nonsteroid hormones called _.
norepinephrine; catecholamines
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both hormones bind to the receptors and enhance the effects of _ stimulation by the ANS.
sympathetic.
130
pancreatic islets are composed of endocrine and _ tissues.
exocrine
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pancreatic islets (islets of _), endocrine portion.
langerhans.
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_- exocrine portion that secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine.
acini.
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pancreatic islets- each islet contains four primary types of endocrine glands joined by _.
gap junctions.
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pancreatic islets- each islet contains four primary types of endocrine glands joined by _.
gap junctions.
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alpha cells secrete _ which increases blood glucose levels.
glucagon
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beta cells secrete ) and ) which help to decrease blood sugar levels; account for up to 75% of all pancreatic islet cells.
insulin and amylin
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_ secrete somatostatin which helps regulate pancreatic endocrine cells.
delta cells
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_ cells secrete pancreatic polypeptides that influence digestion and distribution of food molecules.
pancreatic polypeptide
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pancreatic hormones work as a team to maintain _ of food molecules
homesostasis.
140
_- testosterone is produced by the interstitial cells and responsible for the growth and maintenance of male sexual characteristics
testes
141
_- steroid hormones secreted by ovarian follicles; promotes developmentand maitenance of female sexual characteristics.
estrogens
142
_- secreted by corpus luteum; maintains the lining of the uterus necessary for successful pregnancy,
progesterone
143
tissues that form on the lining of the uterus as a connection between the _ systems of the mother and developing child.
circulatory
144
the placenta serves as a temporary endocrine gland that produces _.
human chronic gonadotropin
145
thymus gland is located in the _ just beneath the sternum
mediastienum
146
thymus is large in children, begins to atrophy at puberty and by old age, the gland is a _ of fat and fibrous tissue.
vestige
147
considered to be primarily a lymphatic organ but the hormone _ has been isolated from thymus tissue.
thymosin
148
thymosin stimulates _ of cells
development
149
the mucous lining of the GI tract contains cells that produce both _ and exocrine secretions
endocrine
150
GI hormones such as gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin play regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and motor activities involved in the _ process.
digestive
151
the heart has a secondary _;
endocrine role
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the heart produces _ hormone.
atrial natiuretic
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ANH's primary effect is to _ increases in blood volumes and blood pressure by increasing urination and water loss; is an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone.
oppose
154
endocrine regulation begins in the _.
womb
155
many active hormones are active from birth, there is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of _/
labor
156
many active hormones are active from birth, there is evidence that a hormonal signal from fetus to mother signals the onset of _.
labor
157
hormones related to _ begin at puberty
reproduction
158
secretion of male reproductive hormones is _ from puberty, slight decline in late adulthood.
continuous
159
secretion of female reproductive hormones declines suddenly and completley in middle adulthood.(_)
menopause
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nearly every process in the human organism is kept in _ by the intricate interaction of different nerouce and endocrine regulatory chemicals.
balance
161
the endocrine system operates with _ system to finely adjust most human processes
nervous
162
_ is high hormone levels
hypersecretion
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in hypersecretion, there is abnormal _ of endocrine cells, _, and _ mechanism failure.
proliferation; autoimmunity; feedback
164
_ is low hormone levels
hyposecretion
165
hyposecretion, there are endocrine _, _ feedback look function, _function abnormality, and target cell _ to tropic hormones.
tumors; abnormal; immune; insensitivity
