Immune Lecture

Question 1

there are _ threats to life like bacteria protozoans and viruses.

Answer 1

external.

Question 2

there are _ threats to life like tumors, cancers and abnormal cells.

Answer 2

internal.

Question 3

_ immunity act against anything not recognized as self.

Answer 3

nonspecific.

Question 4

nonspecific immunity has a _ response.

Answer 4

fast.

Question 5

the cell types of nonspecific immunity are _, _, _, and _.

Answer 5

nutrophils, monocytes, macrophages and natural killers.

Question 6

_ immunity recognize specific agents.

Answer 6

specific.

Question 7

it takes _ to find them.

Answer 7

extra time.

Question 8

the cell types for specific immunity are _ and _.

Answer 8

B cell and T cell.

Question 9

the _ of defense is mechanical and chemical barriers.

Answer 9

first line.

Question 10

_ barrier examples are mucous membranes and unbroken skin.

Answer 10

mechanical.

Question 11

chemical barriers contain _, _, _ and _.

Answer 11

sebum, mucus, enzymes, and hydrochloric acid.

Question 12

the second line of defense is _.

Answer 12

inflammation.

Question 13

the _ response are chemical mediators released from _.

Answer 13

inflammatory response; mast cell.

Question 14

_ increases capillary permeability and vasodialation.

Answer 14

Histamines.

Question 15

_ also increase capillary permeability and vasodialation.

Answer 15

kinins.

Question 16

_ cause fever and enhance pain.

Answer 16

prostaglandins.

Question 17

signs of inflammation are _, _, _ and _.

Answer 17

heat, reddness, pain, and swelling.

Question 18

in _ a phagocyte is attracted to foreign material.

Answer 18

phagocytosis.

Question 19

the phagocyte extends the _ and encircles the bacteria.

Answer 19

pseudopod

Question 20

there is bacteria in a sac called a _ inside the phagocyte.

Answer 20

phagosome.

Question 21

the fusing of _ with phagosomes happens next.

Answer 21

lysosome.

Question 22

lastly, the _ of bacteria.

Answer 22

digestion.

Question 23

_ are the most numerous phagocytes.

Answer 23

neutrophils.

Question 24

neutrophils move out of the blood vessel by _.

Answer 24

diapedisis.

Question 25

neutrophils are the first _ to arrive.

Answer 25

phagocytes.

Question 26

neutrophils have a short life span. (_) formed by dead neutrophils.

Answer 26

pus.

Question 27

_ are _ that have migrated out of the blood.

Answer 27

macrophages; monocytes.

Question 28

macrophages are present in _ areas of the body.

Answer 28

many.

Question 29

_ are a type of lymphocyte in addition to B cells and T cells.

Answer 29

natural killer.

Question 30

NT cells are especially important in killing _ cells and _ infected cells.

Answer 30

tumor; virus.

Question 31

function by causing _.

Answer 31

cell lysis.

Question 32

_ is produced by virus infected cells and inhibits virus reproduction.

Answer 32

interferon.

Question 33

_ is a group of 20 plasma proteins that is inactive until stimulated.

Answer 33

compliment system.

Question 34

compliment systems work together to _ bacteria and some viruses.

Answer 34

destroy.

Question 35

specific immunity is the _ of defense.

Answer 35

third line.

Question 36

specific immunity is the attack of _ not self agents.

Answer 36

specific.

Question 37

specific immunity is orchestrated by two different types of lymphocytes, _ and _.

Answer 37

B cells and T cells.

Question 38

B cells produce antibodies and thus _ immunity.

Answer 38

antibody mediated.

Question 39

B cells attack pathogens _ and direct _ to attack.

Answer 39

directly; pathogens.

Question 40

T cells provide _ immunity and attack _ directly.

Answer 40

cell mediated; pathogens.

Question 41

lymphocytes are located in _, _, _, _.

Answer 41

bone marrow, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and spleen.,

Question 42

lymphocytes move from these locations into _.

Answer 42

blood.

Question 43

lymphocytes enter _ spaces.

Answer 43

tissue.

Question 44

lymphocytes are carried in _ back to blood.

Answer 44

lymph.

Question 45

continued cycle of _.

Answer 45

recirculation.

Question 46

_ are large molecules that induce an immune response.

Answer 46

antigens

Question 47

_ are the part of the antigen that the lymphocyte recognizes as being foreign.

Answer 47

epitopes.

Question 48

_ are large protein molecules that interlock with and destroy antigens.

Answer 48

antibodies.

Question 49

_ is an antibody antigen receptor attached to the antigen determinatnt.

Answer 49

antigen-antibody complex.

Question 50

_ are a group of cells from one original cell.

Answer 50

clones.

Question 51

there are two stages of _ and activation of B cells.

Answer 51

development.

Question 52

the _ of development occurs in the yolk sac, red marrow and fetal liver.

Answer 52

first stage.

Question 53

inactive b cells are developed by time infant is _ months old.

Answer 53

several.

Question 54

inactive b cells produce antibodies and insert them on the cell _.

Answer 54

surface.

Question 55

inactive b cells circulate to the _ and _.

Answer 55

lymph nodes and spleen.

Question 56

the _ of development is activation of b cells.

Answer 56

second stage.

Question 57

_ involves inactive b cell and an antigen antibody complex.

Answer 57

activation

Question 58

this activation triggers rapid b cell _ forming clones.

Answer 58

division.

Question 59

some new cells become _ cells and secrete _ molecules

Answer 59

plasma; antibody.

Question 60

other new cells become _ b cell.s

Answer 60

memory.

Question 61

memory b cells become plasma cells if _ to same antigen at a later time.

Answer 61

exposed.

Question 62

antibodies or _.

Answer 62

immunoglobulins.

Question 63

each antibody is made of two _ chains and two _ chains.

Answer 63

changing; constant.

Question 64

antibodies form a _ shape.

Answer 64

Y.

Question 65

the two variable regions are formed by the two branches of the Y and are where the _ are located.

Answer 65

antigen-binding sites.

Question 66

the constant region is formed by the base of the Y and is where the _ is located.

Answer 66

compliment-binding sites.

Question 67

_ is produced by immature _.

Answer 67

IgM; B cells.

Question 68

IgM is produced by activated B cells after contacting _.

Answer 68

antigen.

Question 69

IgG makes up _ percent of circulating antibodies and there is only immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta.

Answer 69

75.

Question 70

IgA is produced in _ membrane, saliva, and tears, and it it secreted into _.

Answer 70

mucous; breast milk.

Question 71

IgE is most often associated with _.

Answer 71

allergens.

Question 72

_ acts as an allergen receptor.

Answer 72

IgD.

Question 73

_ deactivates toxins.

Answer 73

neutralization.

Question 74

_ sticks antigen cells together.

Answer 74

agglutination.

Question 75

_ results in antibodies changing the _ of enemy cells, which exposes the _ binding sites of enemy cells.

Answer 75

complilment fixation; shape; compliment.

Question 76

lymphocytes that develop and multiply in the _.

Answer 76

thymus.

Question 77

leave thymus and _ into T dependent zones in lymph nodes and spleen.

Answer 77

migrates.

Question 78

antigen binds to t cell antigen _.

Answer 78

receptors.

Question 79

_ processes the antigen.

Answer 79

Macrophage.

Question 80

macrophage presents the processed _ to antigen receptors on the t cell.

Answer 80

antigen.

Question 81

_ the t cell.

Answer 81

sensitizes.

Question 82

causes the t cell to _ repeatedly, forming a clone of identical sensitized t cells, which form a _ t cell or a _ cell.

Answer 82

divide; cytotoxic; t memory.

Question 83

sensitized t cells migrate to site of _.

Answer 83

antigen.

Question 84

sensitized t cells bind to _ antigen presented by the macrophage.

Answer 84

processed

Question 85

antigen bound sensitized t cells then release chemical messengers (_), into the inflamed tissues.

Answer 85

cytokines.

Question 86

_ factors attract macrophages.

Answer 86

chemotactic.

Question 87

migration inhibition factor _ macrophage migration.

Answer 87

halts.

Question 88

magrophage activating factor _ phagocytosis.

Answer 88

increases.

Question 89

lymphotoxin kills _ cells.

Answer 89

enemy.

Question 90

cytotoxic t cells release _.

Answer 90

lymphotoxin.

Question 91

_ help b cells differentiate into antibody secreting plasma cells by secreting _.

Answer 91

helper t cells; interleukin.

Question 92

_ suppress b cell differentiation into plasma cells.

Answer 92

suppressor t cells.

Question 93

_ immunity (genetic) and _ immunity (developed after birth.)

Answer 93

inherited; aquired.

Question 94

_ immunity (natural exposure to antigens) has two types, _ and _.

Answer 94

Natural; active; passive.

Question 95

active is through _ to disease.

Answer 95

exposure.

Question 96

passive is antibodies from _.

Answer 96

mothers milk.

Question 97

two types of artificial immunity: _ and _.

Answer 97

active and passive.

Question 98

active is through _ or oral ingestion of antigen.

Answer 98

injection.

Question 99

passive is through _ of antibodies.

Answer 99

injection.