Endocrine System Flashcards
1
Q
Endocrine
A
Releases substances (hormones) into the bloodstream
2
Q
Exocrine
A
Releases substances to outside of body or into intestines
3
Q
Example of an exocrine gland
A
One that secretes digestive enzymes
4
Q
Hypothalamus
A
The “control center” for pituitary gland
5
Q
What does the hypothalamus produce?
A
Releasing factors
6
Q
What do releasing factors from the hypothalamus do?
A
Stimulate the pituitary to produce hormones
7
Q
What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?
A
Anterior and posterior pituitary
8
Q
Adenohypophysis
A
Anterior pituitary
Glandular tissue
9
Q
Neurohypophysis
A
Posterior pituitary
Neural tissue
Extension of the hypothalamus
10
Q
What does the pituitary gland do?
A
Releases hormones
11
Q
Where is ACTH produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
12
Q
Where is GH produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
13
Q
Where is MSH produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
14
Q
Where is TSH produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
15
Q
Where is FSH and LH produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
16
Q
Where is prolactin produced?
A
Anterior pituitary
17
Q
Where is oxytocin produced?
A
Posterior pituitary
18
Q
Where is ADH produced?
A
Posterior pituitary
19
Q
Target Organs
A
Cells on organs that have receptors for specific hormones
20
Q
Target organs for oxytocin
A
Uterus Mammary glands (breasts)
21
Q
Functions of oxytocin
A
Stimulates contractions in the uterus
Promotes milk SECRETION in mammary glands
22
Q
Disorders of oxytocin
A
Unknown
23
Q
Target organs for prolactin
A
Mammary glands (breasts)
24
Q
Functions of prolactin
A
Promotes milk PRODUCTION
25
Hyposecretion of prolactin results in
Decreased milk production in nursing mothers
26
Galactorrhea
Abnormal milk production
| Excess milk production in non-nursing women or men
27
Target organs for follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones
Ovaries
| Testes
28
Functions of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in females (2)
Promotes egg production and ovulation
| Stimulates estrogen and progesterone production
29
Functions of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones in males (2)
Promotes sperm production
| Stimulates testosterone production
30
Hyposecretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones
Decreased reproductive capacity
31
Hypersecretion of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones
Unknown
32
Thyroid Hormones
Calcitonin
| T4 and T3
33
Calcitonin
Thyroid hormone
| Decreases blood calcium levels
34
How does calcitonin decrease blood calcium levels?
Takes calcium out of blood to build bones
| Increases calcium loss from kidneys
35
What do T4 and T3 do?
Regulate metabolism
36
Myxedema
Slow metabolism
Hypothyroidism
Hyposecretion of TSH
37
Symptoms of myxedema (4)
Cold
Overweight
Fatigue
Swelling of face
38
Grave's Disease
Increased metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
Hypersecretion of TSH
39
Symptoms of Grave's Disease (4)
Low weight
Heart arrhythmia
Anxiety
Exopthalamus
40
Exopthalamus
Bulging eyes
41
What causes exopthalamus?
Tissues are built up/swell behind eyes to push them out, causing them to bulge
42
Target organs for growth hormones (4)
Bones
Cartilage
Liver
Muscles
43
Functions for growth hormones (2)
Stimulates growth
| Increases use of fats for energy
44
Pituitary Dwarfism
Hyposecretion of growth hormones in children
45
Gigantism
Hypersecretion of growth hormones in children
46
Acromegaly
Enlargement of extremities
| Hypersection of growth hormones in adults
47
What else can acromegaly influence?
Organs
48
What almost always causes gigantism and acromegaly?
Pituitary tumor
49
Target organs for adrenocorticotropic hormone
Adrenal Cortex
50
Functions of adrenocorticotropic hormone (2)
Stimules cortisol secretion
| Helps body handle stressful situations
51
Cortisol
Stress hormone
52
Cushing Disease
Hypersecretion of cortisol (from adrenocorticotropic hormone)
Fat distribution is altered
53
Symptoms of Cushing Disease
```
Weight gain
Hair loss
Slow healing
Moon face
Buffalo hump
```
54
Target organs for antidiuretic hormones (like vasopressin)
Kidneys
55
Function of antidiuretic hormones
Stimulates the increase in water reabsorption in nephrons
56
Diabetes Insipidus
Hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone
57
Symptoms of diabetes insipidus
Excess urine production
Dehydration
Electrolyte (salt) imbalances
58
Non-Pituitary Hormones (13)
```
Calcitonin
Thyroxine
Triiodothyronine
Parathyroid Hormone
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineral Corticoids (aldosterone)
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Glucagon
Insulin
Estrogen
Testosterone
Melatonin
```
59
Where is the pineal gland located?
In brain
60
What does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin
61
Melatonin
Helps regulate daily cycles
62
Where is thymus located?
Behind sternum
| Looks like a butterfly
63
What does the thymus do?
Helps develop immune systems in children
64
Adrenal Gland Hormones (2)
Mineral corticoids
| Glucocorticoids
65
Mineral Corticoids
Increases blood sodium levels
| Hold more sodium in body
66
How do mineral corticoids increase blood sodium levels?
Increasing reabsorption by kidneys
67
What produces mineral corticoids?
Adrenal cortex
68
Aldosteronism
Hypersecretion of mineral corticoids
| Increases blood pressure and lowers potassium levels
69
Addison's Disease
Hyposecretion of mineral corticoids
70
Symptoms of Addison's disease (4)
Fatigue
Dizziness
Low blood pressure
Darkened skin
71
Who had Addison's disease?
JFK
72
Glucocorticoids (2)
Regulate metabolism of carbs, proteins, and fats
| Decreases inflammation
73
What produces glucocorticoids?
Adrenal cortex
74
What results from a hypersecretion of glucocorticoids?
Cushing Disease
75
Parathyroid Hormones
Opposite of calcitonin
| Increases blood calcium levels
76
How do parathyroid hormones increase blood calcium levels?
Breaks down bone to get the calcium
| Increases reabsorption by kidneys
77
Pancreatic Hormones (2)
Glucagon
| Insulin
78
Glucagon
Increases blood glucose
79
How does glucagon increase blood glucose?
Stimulating breakdown of glycogen
80
Glycogen
Storage form of glucose
81
Where is glycogen?
Liver and muscles
82
Hypoglycemia
Low blood sugar
| Hyposecretion of glucagon
83
Insulin
Decreases blood glucose
84
How does insulin decrease blood glucose?
Stimulating cells to take up glucose from the blood
85
What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 caused by?
Not enough insulin in body
| Hyposecretion of insulin from the pancreas
86
What happens during Diabetes Mellitus Type 1?
Body cannot absorb glucose
| An autoimmune process where body attacks the insulin-producing cells
87
Hyperglycemia
High blood glucose
88
What is Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 caused by?
Cells in body not responding to insulin
| Poor food choices and genetics
89
What happens during Diabetes Mellitus Type 2?
Plenty of insulin is produced, but cells don't act as they should
Causes hyperglycemia
90
Symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polydipsia
Polyuria
Polyphagia
91
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
92
Polyuria
Excessive urination
93
Polyphagia
Excessive eating
94
Why is polydipsia a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Person is losing a lot of water in urine
95
Why is polyuria a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Glucose in urine "pulls" water with it into urine so less water gets reabsorbed by kidneys
96
Why is polyphasic a symptom of diabetes mellitus?
Person is not able to utilize glucose effectively in body, so they are always hungry
